As #Nordstream pipeline continuous to be exposed to seawater, a quick 50,000ft note on metallurgy

For severe corrosive service like Seawater different grades of steel are used

Many can be confined to 2 types of Stainless Steel

1) Duplex Stainless Steel (SS)
2) Super Duplex SS
In many cases sacrificial elements / coatings are also used to reduce corrosion.

Nord Stream pipeline is one such, a combination of Internal & External Coating.

Hence NS ended up with a FD grade CARBON STEEL pipes, as per DNV OS-F101 (German standard)

#NordStream2
Since outer environment of NS pipeline is corrosive seawater, lot of effort was made to protect exterior pipeline surface and not interior

A 3-layer polyethylene external anticorrosion coating was applied

An additional layer of concrete was coated to remain stable on the seabed
Three External Coating Layers are

• Inner layer: fusion-bonded epoxy
• Middle layer: adhesive
• Outer layer: high-density polyethylene base

Together they form the anti-corrosion coating.

Remember, it is not easy to coat anything on stainless steel unlike Cast Iron / CS
Whereas in contrast to outer 3 layers coating, internal pipeline has a single coating of epoxy base

It’s an antifriction coating to increase flow capacity of the pipeline system.

So the internal coating is not meant to protect pipeline from seawater corrosion. #Nordstream1
Seawater will fill in one section of the pipeline and not complete length

But this section is 100s of Km long in Nord Stream

So the flooded seawater section of pipe is now subjected to something called “pitting corrosion”

It basically creates localized holes on metal's surface
So those sections of pipe should now be exposed to seawater will be beyond repair after few weeks.

Complete section has to be replaced with new pipeline which includes welding every 12 m (~40ft).
And to complicate matters, NS had sourced pipe & valves from Germany & Italy.

They were the only suppliers who could qualify from this entire planet!!

So in case Russians have to carry out repair work, they need to buy pipes from Italy and don’t think sanctions would allow it
So my conclusion it is going to take a very long time for NordStream to come back.

Until sections of pipe are not secluded quickly, it is going impact months if not in years.

#NordStreamSabotage #OOTT
This picture with average human size comparison against valve installed in Nord Stream onshore sections.

Hopefully gives the perception on size of things we are discussing.
Design Operating Conditions of #Nordstream pipeline.
Pipeline illustration and some of the details are taken from NS website. Link given below

nord-stream.com/download/docum…

Pitting Corrosion Image:
researchgate.net/figure/Pitting…
DNV *Norwegian standard!
Adding the picture of coatings to my thread. Thanks to Leo Lenox

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More from @energy_blogger

Aug 14
We have multiple scenarios Russian Oil supplies likely to struggle beyond Winter

- Oilfield services leaving country
- Lack of spares for Maintenance
- Multiple fields shutdown in winter

- EU sanctions kick-in Dec-22
- India/China import volume peak
- Price cap

#OOTT #Oil
2/ The technically challenging fields will be the first to be affected with foreign companies exodus

- Sakhalin 1 production came down
220,000 bpd to 10,000 bpd

hellenicshippingnews.com/rosneft-says-s…
3/ Foreign service companies leaving the country but trying creative ways to sell the firm and retain some talent. bloomberg.com/news/articles/…
Read 10 tweets
Jul 31
Good simple explainer on Nord Stream ongoing issue. #OOTT #Gas.
Adding few numbers to .@SStapczynski explainer

To move any fluid from point A to B in a pipeline has to be pressurized, be it Oil / Water /Natural Gas

Nord Stream is a 1,224 km (760 mile) long pipeline with most of it undersea

Gas from Portovoya has to travel all this distance
So to pressurize Natural Gas, compressors are used.

These comes in all sizes, as small as in you refrigerator to sizes larger than a house

Compressors are a rotating machinery hence it either needs a electric motor or Gas Turbine to rotate it or commonly said as to drive it.
Read 11 tweets
Jul 28
What many don’t get about Germany’s industrial scale.

BASF Ludwigshafen industrial site

- Size: 10 square km (4 sq. miles)

- Electricity: ~6000MW every hour

- Site 2021 Revenue: €25.04 billion

- Employees at site: 38,371

#OOTT

basf.com/global/de/docu… Image
Saw a tweet earlier by Lion Hirth on the Gas consumption at site made me tweet about the details.

This is one of best examples of what .@FinEconGlobal often refers to Germany as one giant factory. Image
Read 4 tweets
Mar 17
India’s overall fuel consumption in Feb-22 was 2nd highest ever in its history

This despite Jet Fuel being well below pre-pandemic.

A sharp increase in Gasoline & LPG consumption pushed it up

Consumption
Feb-22: 4.60 million b/d
Jan-22: 4.16 mb/d
Feb-21: 4.36 mb/d
#OOTT #Oil
2/4 #India recorded highest Gasoline consumption ever in its history in the month of Feb-22

Consumption
Feb-22: 667k b/d
Jan-22: 584k b/d
Feb-21: 647k b/d

#Gasoline
3/4 India’s Diesel consumption still lower than pre-pandemic levels. i.e., economic activity yet to return to normal levels.

Consumption
Feb-22: 1.70 million b/d
Jan-22: 1.50 mb/d
Feb-21: 1.72 mb/d
Read 4 tweets
Oct 31, 2021
A short thread on why I believe Oil & Gas demand will continue to rise despite all climate talks

1) We need to recognize, Demand Growth will remain high in APAC & Africa for O&G products despite all renewable initiatives.

#OOTT #Oil #Gas
2/ After Gasoline & Diesel the highest proportion of product consumption is LPG.

A major product in Domestic and Industrial cooking. APAC & Africa alone have >2 billion people without proper access to this fuel.

Ofcourse Natural Gas can contribute but #LPG is popular here.
3/ To given an idea, how big LPG consumption growth could be

#India in last decade is growing 7 to 8% LPG CAGR. Highest growth rate among all Oil products. Not Gasoline nor Diesel grown at this consistent pace

Now link back we still have ~2 billion without clean cooking access
Read 5 tweets

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