The mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory properties of the #KetogenicDiet remain largely understudied. But we know they are there, and we know they are based at least somewhat on brain immunology. Here is a bit of what we do know. 🧵(1/5)
"glucose metabolism within macrophages and microglia may play a role in KD’s anti-inflammatory effects via regulation of the pro-inflammatory transcriptional activity of the transcription factor Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NFKB). (2/5)
In addition, BHB (a ketone body) is able to mitigate activation-related microglial changes, such as microglial ramification. (3/5)
This effect was observed in two neuroinflammatory models: lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration and chronic unpredictable stress (CUS), suggesting that BHB could be a microglia stabilizer" (4/5)
Today we are going to talk about white matter disease and what it means for the brain. Settle in for a thread. 🧵(1/27)
The brain is mostly made up of gray matter and white matter. The gray matter covers the outside of our brain, which is called the cortex, meaning the bark. White matter is mostly on the inside. (2/27)
White matter consists of nerve fibers that connect different parts of the brain, and it's covered in a myelin sheath. This protective sheath appears white because it's made up exclusively of fat, along with a few other types of molecules. (3/27)
Doesn't butyrate also convert into beta-hydroxybutyrate in the main ketone body? Is there some inner conversion in the gut? Are these used interchangeably? (1/11)
For the most part, the pools of butyrate in the gut and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) are separate. Remember, #BHB is a #ketone body that is produced by your body on a #ketogenic diet. (2/11)
There are some bacteria that may be able to put the hydroxyl group onto butyrate to create BHB. But for the most part, butyrate produced in the gut is mostly from the fermentation of fibers and different prebiotics. (3/11)
Diet influences gut microbiota composition, and several studies have investigated these effects. 🧵(1/15)
Weight loss induced by a very low carbohydrate ketogenic diet (VLCKD) has been shown to lead to a reduction in the abundance of the gut microbiota Cryptobacterium and Roseobacter, while increasing the abundance of Ristensenaceae and Akkermansiae. (2/15)
Studies have also investigated the impact of a high-fat ketogenic diet on gut microbiota composition. (3/15)
Research suggests that these changes in cognitive function (#brain fog, poor memory, mood, and focus) may be accompanied by dysfunction in #brain energy metabolism that can be treated with #metabolic therapies. (1/17)
Cognitive dysfunction can arise when the brain's energy supply is disrupted. It's called brain hypometabolism. (2/17)
Head traumas and concussions in sports or accidents are associated with such changes and can cause behavioral changes and memory loss in adults. But you don't need a history of head injury for cognitive decline to occur. (3/17)