Doesn't butyrate also convert into beta-hydroxybutyrate in the main ketone body? Is there some inner conversion in the gut? Are these used interchangeably? (1/11)
For the most part, the pools of butyrate in the gut and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) are separate. Remember, #BHB is a #ketone body that is produced by your body on a #ketogenic diet. (2/11)
There are some bacteria that may be able to put the hydroxyl group onto butyrate to create BHB. But for the most part, butyrate produced in the gut is mostly from the fermentation of fibers and different prebiotics. (3/11)
There are other species in the gut that are distinct from the species that make butyrate that can make BHB. (4/11)
But the vast majority of BHB that the gut is exposed to is going to be from the host circulation and from liver production of BHB. (5/11)
However, there is an interesting dynamic between a fasted state and a fed state. In a fasted state, low butyrate within the lining of the gut occurs because people are not getting the fermentation of fibers. (6/11)
But in that state, people get increased production of BHB from the liver. This provides what is needed. In the fastest state, you have high BHB; in the fed state, you have high butyrate because prebiotic fiber comes in through foods. (7/11)
But in either case, you're still getting either BHB or butyrate to the colon cells, which need these similar molecules as fuel sources to thrive. (8/11)
Where did I learn this cool information about gut health and ketogenic diets? By listening to this very knowledgeable researcher on this podcast who is way smarter than I am. I don't want you guys to think I make this stuff up. (9/11)
But this supports my suspicion that fiber may not be as important as we think for people on a ketogenic diet. We just see too many chronic diseases that highly correlate with poor gut health improve on almost zero fiber diets (like Carnivore). 🥩(10/11)
But if you are still feeling strongly about riding the pre-biotic fiber train, you can find oodles in your low-carb veggies on a #ketogenic diet. (11/11) 🚋
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Today we are going to talk about white matter disease and what it means for the brain. Settle in for a thread. 🧵(1/27)
The brain is mostly made up of gray matter and white matter. The gray matter covers the outside of our brain, which is called the cortex, meaning the bark. White matter is mostly on the inside. (2/27)
White matter consists of nerve fibers that connect different parts of the brain, and it's covered in a myelin sheath. This protective sheath appears white because it's made up exclusively of fat, along with a few other types of molecules. (3/27)
Diet influences gut microbiota composition, and several studies have investigated these effects. 🧵(1/15)
Weight loss induced by a very low carbohydrate ketogenic diet (VLCKD) has been shown to lead to a reduction in the abundance of the gut microbiota Cryptobacterium and Roseobacter, while increasing the abundance of Ristensenaceae and Akkermansiae. (2/15)
Studies have also investigated the impact of a high-fat ketogenic diet on gut microbiota composition. (3/15)
Research suggests that these changes in cognitive function (#brain fog, poor memory, mood, and focus) may be accompanied by dysfunction in #brain energy metabolism that can be treated with #metabolic therapies. (1/17)
Cognitive dysfunction can arise when the brain's energy supply is disrupted. It's called brain hypometabolism. (2/17)
Head traumas and concussions in sports or accidents are associated with such changes and can cause behavioral changes and memory loss in adults. But you don't need a history of head injury for cognitive decline to occur. (3/17)
The mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory properties of the #KetogenicDiet remain largely understudied. But we know they are there, and we know they are based at least somewhat on brain immunology. Here is a bit of what we do know. 🧵(1/5)
"glucose metabolism within macrophages and microglia may play a role in KD’s anti-inflammatory effects via regulation of the pro-inflammatory transcriptional activity of the transcription factor Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NFKB). (2/5)
In addition, BHB (a ketone body) is able to mitigate activation-related microglial changes, such as microglial ramification. (3/5)