b) launch a product that people desire but with no significant advantage over established competitors (hence give no strong reason for a customer to switch away).
2/ These two failure modes have their analogous success modes:
a) culture-led startup success where a new desire is discovered and fulfilled;
b) technology-led startup success where new technology is used to fulfill an existing desire.
2/ Even the markets that seem to be dominated by one company usually have multiple credible competitors – Google has Bing and DuckDuckGo and Facebook has Twitter, TikTok and Snapchat.