THREAD: In 1894, Waldemar Haffkine, a Russian Jew trained in Paris, travelled to Calcutta armed with a cholera vaccine. The slums were battling an outbreak of the disease. The 33-year-old man began his vaccination drive,
'sitting by an oil lamp in the slum'. 1/11 #vaccine#India
The results were encouraging enough for Calcutta authorities to fund a wider trial, but convincing people to be vaccinated was easier said than done. Haffkine's solution was to work with a team of Indian doctors and assistants in Calcutta's villages (below) 2/11 #vaccine#India
Haffkine's work in the Calcutta placed him among a select group of scientists who pioneered a profound shift in the way disease was understood and treated. In 1896, he travelled to Bombay, facing a plague pandemic, to come up with a vaccine for the disease. 3/11 #vaccine
Haffkine worked tirelessly and successfully developed a fresh vaccine which saved untold numbers of lives. 1901 he was appointed director-in-chief of the Plague Research Laboratory at Government House in Parel. 4/11 #vaccine#India
Then disaster struck.
In March 1902, in a Punjab village 19 people died from tetanus after being inoculated with Haffkine's vaccine. Evidence appeared to point to a fatal contamination at the Parel lab. Disgraced by the incident, Haffkine left India for London. 5/11 #vaccine
In 1904, two years after Haffkine was suspended, the plague reached its peak in India. In 1906, India published its inquiry finding Haffkine guilty. But many scientists said accidental contamination of bottle happened at the inoculation site in Punjab 6/11 #vaccine#India
Haffkine was finally exonerated in 1907, after WJ Simpson and Ronald Ross's campaign raised the matter in the British parliament. He was granted leave to return to employment in India and he gladly returned as director in chief of the Calcutta Biological Laboratory. 7/11 #vaccine
But his redemption was incomplete - he was barred from carrying out any trials, limiting him to theoretical research. In 1914, aged 55, Haffkine retired from the Indian Civil Service and left the country. 8/11 #vaccine
Between 1897 and 1925, 26 million doses of Haffkine's anti-plague vaccine were sent out from Bombay. Tests of the vaccine's efficacy showed between a 50% and 85% reduction in mortality. 9/11 #vaccine#India
Haffkine died in Lausanne in 1930, aged 70. He never married and lived his final years alone. He was a "scholarly, lonesome, handsome man of few words, who remained a bachelor," 10/11 #vaccine#india
Working in Paris and India at the turn of the last century. Haffkine created the world's first vaccines for cholera and plague. An accidental mass poisoning derailed his life. Fascinating profile of a forgotten pioneer by @joelmgunter and @BBCVikasbbc.in/3m70dzq 11/11
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THREAD: Delhi is seeing an intense Covid-19 winter surge, driving the total number of cases to more than 540,000 and fatalities to over 8,600. Doctors fear the capital may well become the epicentre of India's first wave of winter infections 1/10 #COVID19#DelhiFightsCorona
Hospitals are flooded with patients and intensive care beds are filling up fast. People are struggling for beds. Even I cannot get a bed for my friends or family, it is so bad," @DrHarjitBhatti, a private hospital doctor, said. 2/10 #Covid19#DelhiFightsCorona
My colleague, @BBCVikas, who went to admit a relative at a prominent private hospital last week, found there was a "waitlist" of 250 patients for Covid-19 beds. "It's worse than in the summer. It's insane." 3/10 #COVID19#DelhiFightsCorona
THREAD on why the Pfizer vaccine might not work for India:
The vaccine has to be kept in ultra-cold temperature at below -80C. bbc.in/3pfso2a .This could pose major logistical challenges for countries like India. 1/5 #COVID19#Pfizer
The WHO says Covid-19 vaccines under development can be categorised in three storage temperature requirements: 2-8C, -20C and -70C. Many will require an "ultra cold chain" at temperatures which will "definitely prove a challenge to many countries." 2/5 #COVID19#Pfizer
B Thiagarajan, MD of Blue Star, which has a major share of pharma cold chain products, told me: When it comes to vaccines to be stored at temperatures between 2 to 8C, we are well equipped. If the vaccine has to be kept at -40C, there will be a problem. 3/5 #COVID19#Pfizer
THREAD on my interview with Dr Manmohan Singh who said India was looking at a “deep and prolonged economic slowdown” #Manmohansingh#India#economy 1/16
Dr Singh suggested 3 steps to fix the economy: significant direct cash transfers to protect livelihoods and boost spending power; government-backed credit guarantees for businesses; and cleaning up financial sector through institutional autonomy & processes. #Manmohansingh 2/16
Dr Singh pointed to a consensus forming among economists over an economic contraction in India in nominal terms, "which if it happens, will be the first time in independent India".
"I hope the consensus is wrong," he said. #Manmohansingh 3/16