(4/10) So in a team that grows from 3 to 50 employees the growth in possible connections (ie lines of communication) looks like this.
(5/10) Teams often report that work dynamics change as the number of team members grow beyond certain numbers.
That's because the number of possible connections grows disproportionately compared to the number of members.
(6/10) Eg when a team grows to > 15 people, the potential connections exceed 100. At 15 team members, there are 7 times as many potential lines of communication as team members. When there were 3 members, there were just as many connections as members
(7/10) By the time the team reaches 50 members, there are 1225 possible lines of communication. So the most important problem in fast-growing companies is: the ever-expanding cost of coordination among teams.
(8/10) The best solution to this problem (and the solution taken by Amazon): Don't try to optimize communication, it's a losing battle. Instead, try to create small, agile teams that can be effective independently.
(9/10) When a team is tasked with solving a particular problem and is judged by their solution, they should expect to have the tools and authority to complete the job.
(10/10) If you want your company to be a place where builders can build, you need to eliminate communication, not encourage it. When you view effective communication across groups as a "defect," the solutions to your problems start to look quite different from traditional ones.
Pitfall #1: We don‘t know how many people have been truly infected. [1/4]
Pitfall #2: We remain uncertain about the extent of protective immunity, which greatly impacts the course of the epidemic.
Pitfall #3: What’s the extent of transmission and immunity among ppl with no or minimal symptoms (and children) [2/4]
Pitfall #4: It‘s very hard to measure and model contact rates between susceptible and infectious ppl nodt only under phys distancing but also in various reopening scenarios. [3/4]
New meta-analyisis estimates: (1) proportion of truly asymptomatic #COVID19 cases and (2) proportion of #SARS_CoV_2 transmission from asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic individuals [1/3] medrxiv.org/content/10.110…
Overall, proportion of people who become infected with #SARS_CoV_2 and remain asymptomatic through the course of infection estimated to be 15% [2/3]
40-60% of #SARS_CoV_2 infections are the result of transmission from pre-symptomatic individuals. The contribution from asymptomatic individuals seems to be much smaller estimated at around 6% (but wide confidence intervals). [3/3]
@JohnsHopkinsSPH measured the prevalence of serious psychological distress in 1468 adults aged 18 years or older in Apr 2020 & compared it with an identical measure from the 2018 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Thread (1/6)
In April 2020, 13.6% of US adults reported symptoms of serious psychological distress, relative to 3.9% in 2018. That’s a 3.5-fold increase. (2/6)
Age: symptoms of psychological distress were highest among young adults aged 18 to 29 years. Distress decreased with increasing age in 2020. Previously, no effect of age on distress. (3/6)
Mar 17: French doctor Didier Raoult et al publish a paper suggesting that hydroxychloroquine and antibiotic azithromycin could be effective against the disease. (1/6)
Several public figures like @elonmusk jumped on the bandwagon promoting the drug based on results from basic research (not randomized trials, not even observational studies). (2/6)
And, obviously, the President also chimed in...(3/6)
Great review of neuropathogenesis and neurologic manifestations of #covid19 published in JAMA Neurology on May 29 by @SpudichLabYale (THREAD, 1/10)
How does #sarscov2 get into the CNS? ACE2 receptors are expressed in multiple regions & on multiple cels of the human brain. (2/10)
Viral invasion of the CNS could happen in one of three ways. Nr 1: via the olfactory nerve (i.e., the transcribrial route). Olfactory nerve infection could also explain the common findings of loss of smell (anosmia) and loss of taste (ageusia). (3/10)
THREAD: (1) A thought-provoking study by @Baric_Lab using reverse genetics and autopsy specimens demonstrates nasal ACE2 binding greater than in respiratory tract.
(2) The nose contained highest percentage of ACE2 expressing cells. ACE2 levels waned in more distal bronchiolar & alveolar regions.
(3) ACE2 expression patterns were paralleled by high SARS-CoV-2 infectivity of nasal epithelium with marked reduction in distal lung (bronchioles & alveoli).