Interesting results by Markus Grabka @DIW_Berlin on changes in household #incomes during the #Covid_19 crisis in Germany: #inequality in monthly hh disposable incomes was _lower_ in early 2021 than in 2019
(1/4)
This is because self-employed workers - who in Germany have high average incomes - suffered substantial income losses, while other groups experienced stagnating or even rising incomes. Certainly a result of the comprehensive government emergency support (#kurzarbeit)
These results are consistent with earlier research, e.g. by @ConchDAmbrosio, which suggested that disp. income inequality in European countries may have declined in the initial stages of the crisis because of strong government support for lower-income hhs
@DIW_Berlin emphasises that this is only an assessment of the short-term effects. Emergency support (incl. #kurzarbeit) should not be withdrawn too quickly to avoid bankruptcies and job losses. Further support may be needed to help the self-employed cover their living expenses
1) Even while millions of U.S. workers lost their jobs, aggregate salaries and wages have only declined a little, by 0.5% for March to November. Part of the story: the crisis impact has been highly unequal, and job and earnings losses disproportionally struck low-paid workers
2) Income support to unemployed workers has been huge: total income from unemployment benefits in the U.S. was 25x (!) higher for March to November than in the corresponding period in the previous year.
Socio-economic outcomes (earnings, occupation, education) are highly persistent across generations in 🇦🇹 even as income inequality is low
Thread 1/6
The paper discusses policies in 4 areas to boost social mobility:
1) Expanding quality early childhood education and care (ECEC) can promote upward mobility. ECEC participation rates in 🇦🇹 have risen over the last decade, but remain below those in many #OECD countries
2/6
2) Supporting #youth with their school-to-work transition helps educational mobility. 🇦🇹 already does a lot in this area, but it could improve funding for disadvantaged schools and consider the appropriateness of "tracking" pupils in school at such a young age.
3/6