#tbt "My work is what will survive", she said. She co-authored this 1945 book, with chromosomes of over 10,000 plants. Magnolias that botanist & cytogeneticist Janaki Ammal planted at RHS around then survive too, including this one named after her ...1/9 natsca.blog/2019/04/26/my-…
...E.K. Janaki Ammal (1897-1984) was 10th of 19 children in a mixed-race family in Kerala, India, with caste adding to the discrimination in her life. She chose a life in science over a planned marriage & her achievements are the stuff of legends thebetterindia.com/75174/janaki-a… ...2/9
...Janaki earned a master's degree in botany from the University of Michigan in 1925. She returned on another Barbour scholarship to become the first woman to earn a PhD in Botany there - & they conferred an honorary doctorate in science to her too...3/9 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janaki_Am…
...Hard to imagine the barriers she overcame. She was detained at Ellis Island once, released when someone mistook her for an Indian princess: she was wearing traditional silks...“I did not deny it”.
In 2018, a rose with the colors she so often wore was named after her...4/9
...In the US, she developed an eggplant called Janaki Brengal. Back in India she worked at the Sugarcane Breeding Station, evolving major breeds of sugarcane that could be grown in India: she's known as the woman who made Indian sugarcane sweet...5/9 alchetron.com/Janaki-Ammal
...Facing caste & gender discrimination, though, she moved to London, joining CD Darlington at the John Innes Horticultural Institute, & worked on flowers & ethnobotany, & that atlas of chromosomes...6/9 scroll.in/article/730186…
...Janaki was headhunted by the RHS (Royal Horticultural Society) & was the 1st female scientist they employed. She published papers, worked on medicinal plants, traveled internationally & collected specimens, exhibited at the Chelsea Flower Show - & planted those magnolias...7/9
...Janaki met Nehru - as in, the Prime Minister of India - on a plane. He lured her back to head the Botanical Survey of India in 1952, where she led the creation of an inventory of India's plant resources, & was a professor too. A Gandhian, she lived an ascetic life...8/9
...Janaki became a powerful advocate for indigenous plants & biodiversity. At 80, she lent her influence to a community movement to prevent a dam being built in Kerala. A national park ensured it remains an undisturbed home to endangered species. 9/9 smithsonianmag.com/science-nature…
...PS: oops - I left out, the first RHS employed there at Wisley. Which gives me another excuse to show Magnolia Kobus Janaki Ammal!
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Catch-up 🧵 on reports of Covid vax & immunocompromised people. Overall, starting to look like a head-to-head trial of Moderna & BNT-Pfizer vax for some groups would be worthwhile ... #IC
...78 people on hemodialysis in Spain getting Moderna vax: immune response grew slowly, but was high 6 weeks after being fully vaxed... academic.oup.com/ndt/advance-ar…#IC
A government report on Covid vaccination is out from Uruguay gub.uy/ministerio-sal… HT @sgdambrauskas
First, some perspective on the wave Uruguay is struggling with: here's a chart Our World in Data, per million population...1/n
...45.8% of the population had at least one dose of Covid vax as of May 25, mostly Sinovac's CoronaVac & some BNT-Pfizer; 28% of the population has had 2 doses. (The population of Uruguay is about 3.5million)...2/n
...People vaxed with BNT-Pfizer seem to be older, higher risk. Efficacy data are raw, not taking differences into account:
- CoronaVac: 57% against confirmed Covid-19, 95% against needing intensive care
- BNT-Pfizer: 75% against confirmed Covid-19, 99% against intensive care..3/n
#tbt This is the graduating class of 1915, chemistry division, Tohoku Imperial University. There, at the end of the 2nd row, is the first woman to achieve a bachelor of science in Japan. Her name was 黒田チカ, Chika Kuroda (1884-1968) & she was the daughter of a samurai...1/5
...Kuroda was an organic chemist & studied natural pigments. As an undergraduate, she studied a purple one, Lithospermum erythrorhizon. When she presented her work on it to the Chemical Society of Japan, she was the first woman to ever do that, too ...2/5 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chika_Kur…
..Kuroda studied at Oxford Uni 1921-23, & later joined the RIKEN in Japan, where she determined the molecular structure of shikonin, that purple pigment & then of carthamin. It gives safflower its color: she earned her doctorate with that in 1929..3/5 riken.jp/en/about/histo…
WIV04 = Wuhan: efficacy 14 days+ after dose 2, 72.8% (58-82)
HB02 = Beijing: 78.1% (65-86)
Control group was vax adjuvant ...1/n
...Wuhan vax 12,743; Beijing 12,726; control 12,737. Just under 16% were women, <2% were aged 60 & over
Primary efficacy outcome (in tweet 1) was symptomatic Covid-19: 26 in Wuhan group, 21 in Beijing, 95 in control.
Severe Covid-19: 0 in vaxed groups, 2 in control group ...2/n
...The trial protocol and statistical analysis plan are included as supplements
Protocol: cdn.jamanetwork.com/ama/content_pu…
SAP: https://t.co/O67m8Nf7Tn
...3/n
Public Health England estimate of vax effectiveness against B.1.617.2 variant: they're not reporting vaxes separately yet. Combined data: 1 dose doesn't reach minimum effectiveness level; 2 doses it's reduced, but still high...1/2 HT @statsepi@kallmemegassets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/upl…
...They have moderate degree of certainty in conclusion from data on 1 dose, low for 2-dose. Based on the neutralization activity they see in lab tests, "expected to remain effective against severe disease". They don't say when data will be released. 2/2 assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/upl…
...PS: From Public Health England preprint on vax effectiveness against B.1.617.2 variant of concern, includes data on "UK" & the new variant. Based on results of 12,675: 11,621 with B.1.1.7 & 1,054 had B.1.617.2...3/n khub.net/documents/1359… HT @dylanhmorris
...Symptomatic Covid-19 for primary endpoint (from 7 days after 2nd dose in people with no previous infection): target number for final analysis was 100.
From 14,039 people:
- 10 cases in vax vs 96 placebo;
- 0 severe illness in vax vs 5 in placebo;
- 0 deaths
...2/n
...The people in the trial were:
- 48% female
- 94.5% White
- 2.9% Asian
- 0.4% Black or African American
- 45% had a co-morbidity
...3/n