1/ This has always been disturbing to read for me.
"no safety pharmacology studies were conductedβ¦as they are not considered necessary for the development of vaccines according to the WHO guideline (WHO, 2005)"
They applied an outdated spec to qualify a disruptive technology.
2/ When a disruptive new technology enters the aerospace and automotive market, this is done through an ultra rigorous/conservative work on the standardisation part. New standards are mandatory. One doesn't use the silicon Power MOSFET test methods / standards to qualify GaN.
3/ R&D on such technologies and the work in defining new appropriate standards/methods are done in parallel.
Both need hard work on real samples. R&D works on yield while standards work on test, screening and qualification methods to ensure a safe reliable product.