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Apr 8 • 9 tweets • 5 min read
#TodayinHistory in 1978, after the elections for seats in the Interim Batasang Pambansa under Martial Law, incarcerated Ninoy Aquino, who ran for elections in a bid to oppose the dominant Kilusang Bagong Lipunan party, declared a "moral victory." THREAD. #PH #history
Upon Pres. Ferdinand Marcos' declaration of Martial Law on 23 Sept 1972, opposition senator, Ninoy Aquino, was top 1 in the list of people to be arrested, together w/ dissenting lawmakers, journalists, activists, etc.
W/ SC affirming the 1973 Consti giving Marcos both Executive & Legislative powers, the Consti mandated a transitionary unicameral legislature, the Interim Batasang Pambansa, as #PH shifted from presidential to presidential-parliamentary form of gov.
Having consolidated all powers in 6 years since 1972, neutralizing the opposition, #Marcos held a referendum in 1977, w/ the question: "Do you vote that Pres. FM Marcos continue in office as incumbent president & be prime minister after the org of Interim BP in 1978?"
With 89.3% yes votes in the said referendum (*integrity of this election is disputed since civil liberties were curtailed), elections went ahead on 7 April 1978. It was the first election in the 7 years of dictatorship. The electoral setup was stacked up against the opposition.
Ninoy Aquino, despite being in prison in Fort Bonifacio, urged his new opposition party, the Lakas ng Bayan (LABAN), to field at least 21 candidates in the legislature. While it didn not win any seats, other ally opposition parties like Pusyon Bisaya...
... Mindanao Alliance, & Konsensiya ng Bayan won their respective constituents, mostly in Cebu, Negros Oriental, & Bohol. The opposition seats totaled to 16. #OnThisDay, Aquino released a statement thanking his supporters:
"[We] thank you for your support. We have achieved a moral victory. But our euphoria is tinged w/ sadness, bec yesterday it was not the people but our own President who was cheated from knowing the TRUTH—the real, objective extent of our people's alienation from the [regime]..."
Photos:
- Ninoy Aquino on trial, undated, from the Freedom Memorial Museum
- The LABAN Manifest, 8 April 1978, from the Presidential Museum & Library

For @subselfie.
@tonitiemsin
@jmnualla

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More from @indiohistorian

Kristoffer Pasion Profile picture
Apr 9
We often wonder why #ArawngKagitingan happened the way it did. Why commemorate one of the most humiliating defeats in #PH #history & call it “Kagitingan” (Valor)?

History, military strategy, & geography provide the answer.

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When the Japanese began its invasion of Southeast Asia in Dec 1941, it first attacked the US fleet in Pearl Harbor, crippling the only reinforcements for the defense of the islands. Hours after the Pearl Harbor attack, the Japanese began its invasion of #PH.
W/ the war machine sustained as Japanese marched from Bicol, Lingayen, and Ilocos towards Manila, to discourage attacks in the capital, Gen. Douglas MacArthur issued his War Plan Orange (WPO-3), gathering all Filipino & American forces in the Bataan peninsula.
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Apr 7
#TodayinHistory in 1871, Epifanio de los Santos, pioneer Filipiniana collector, historian, writer, assemblyman & polyglot, was born in #Malabon #PH. By virtue of RA 2140, s. 1959, Highway 54 in Metro Manila was renamed Epifanio de los Santos Ave (#EDSA). THREAD. Image
Born to the wealthy couple, Escolastico de los Santos & Antonina Cristobal y Tongco, Epifanio used his privilege to educate himself for his people's benefit. He studied at @ateneodemanilau & earned his Law degree in @UST1611official. He was well versed in Spanish literature...
...finding Juan Valera's novel, "Pepita Jimenez," moving. He sympathized w/ the Ilustrado reformist campaign, & actively supported the #PH Revolution vs Spain on its resumption in 1898. He was an editor for La Independencia, & was columnist for...
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Kristoffer Pasion Profile picture
Mar 8
In celebration of #InternationalWomensDay & #WomensHistoryMonth , we once again honor all the women all throughout Philippine history. I am adding more snippet bios on this long thread on women's history in #PH from last yr. Truly the last man standing is a woman. THREAD.
Clemencia Lopez (1876-1963), travelled to the U.S. in 1902, amidst the Philippine-American War, exposing herself to the gender politics & racism of US empire to negotiate the release of her detained brothers, & broadcast to the American press the Filipino desire for independence.
Pura Villanueva-Kalaw (1886-1954), journalist & feminist, was the first Manila Carnival Queen in 1908. She used this platform for women's rights in society, primarily suffrage & women's welfare. She est. the Asociacion Feminista Ilonga, 1st feminist org in PH founded by women.
Read 10 tweets
Kristoffer Pasion Profile picture
Mar 7
This is the very thing that scares Leni’s opponents. It’s unprecedented, and they couldn’t figure out why or how. They try to explain it away by red tagging, or by accusing the campaign of vote buying, but deep down they are puzzled. This is something else—the People’s Campaign.
As @aidosepeda has rightfully put it, before, campaigns are directed by a small grp of people for the messaging, for strategy. Instruction goes from top-down. But w/ Leni’s campaign, it’s so organic, & passionate, the creativity well never dries out. Support comes frm everywhere!
Can you imagine people purchasing campaign materials out of their own pockets? The momentum is here. Even Goliaths can be beaten by Davids. And unlike manufactured online trolls, organic support & positive energy will make actual people show up on election day.
Read 4 tweets
Kristoffer Pasion Profile picture
Mar 7
#TodayinHistory in 1906, the First Battle of Bud Dajo ended between the Tausug resistance & American troops, w/ the utter defeat & massacre of the said group of approx. 600 to 1000 men, women, & children. THREAD. #history #PH
With the outbreak of the Philippine-American War in 1899, the US entered into an agreement w/ the Sultanate of Sulu, & other datus in Mindanao in an effort to temporarily stall a possible resistance to US rule in the south until resistance in Luzon & Panay have been quelled.
In late Feb 1906, 5 years after the Philippine-American War ended w/ the capitulation of the 1st #PH Republic & its remnant forces, around 1000 aggrieved Tausugs moved up to Mt. Dajo, a dormant volcano near Jolo, in defiance of American authorities.
Read 11 tweets
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Mar 4
#TodayinHistory in 1879, Rosa Sevilla de Alvero, suffragette, feminist & educator, was born in Tondo, #Manila #PH. Her campaign led to the passage of women's suffrage in 1937 making #PH one of the few Asian countries to grant women's right to vote. THREAD. #WomensHistoryMonth
Born to Ambrosio Sevilla, a Spanish military officer, & Silvina Tolentino (related to revolutionary playwright & writer Aurelio Tolentino), she was reared in robust debate among Filipino intellectuals who were invited by her aunt into their home.
In 1899, she was part of the editorial staff of Antonio Luna's, La Independencia, w/c was one of the Filipino newspapers providing political commentary & news at the time when the fledgling 1st #PH Republic was seeking int'l recognition & est. authority.
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