Dom Pedro II, the second and last monarch of the Empire of Brazil, reigning for over 58 years. 
Pedro was born at 02:30 on 2 December 1825 in the Palace of São Cristóvão, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - where the National Museum is located.
Named after St. Peter of Alcantara, his name in full was Pedro de Alcântara João Carlos Leopoldo Salvador Bibiano Francisco Xavier de Paula Leocádio Miguel Gabriel Rafael Gonzaga.
Through his father, Emperor Dom Pedro I (photo), he was a member of the Brazilian branch of the House of Braganza and was referred to using the honorific "Dom" (Lord) from birth. He was the grandson of Portuguese King Dom João VI and nephew of Dom Miguel I.
My mother, a historian, used to challenge me to remember his full name when I was a child.
I WON.
I WON.
But wait a minute.
I haven't told you the full name of the Empress yet.
I haven't told you the full name of the Empress yet.
Teresa Cristina Maria Josefa Gaspar Baltasar Melchior Januária Rosalía Lúcia Francisca de Assis Isabel Francisca de Pádua Donata Bonosa Andréia de Avelino Rita Liutgarda Gertrude Venância Tadea Spiridione Roca Matilde.
His mother was the Archduchess Maria Leopoldina of Austria, daughter of Franz II, the last Holy Roman Emperor. Through his mother, Pedro was a nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte and first cousin of Emperors Napoleon II of France, Franz Joseph I and Don Maximiliano I of Mexico.
The only legitimate male child of Pedro I to survive infancy, he was officially recognized as heir apparent to the Brazilian throne with the title Prince Imperial on 6 August 1826.
Empress Maria Leopoldina died on 11 December 1826, a few days after a stillbirth, when Pedro was a year old.
Two and a half years later, his father married Amélie of Leuchtenberg. Prince Pedro developed an affectionate relationship with her, whom he came to regard as his mother.
Pedro I's desire to restore his daughter Maria II to her Portuguese throne, which had been usurped by his brother Miguel I, as well as his declining political position at home led to his abrupt abdication on 7 April 1831.
