Have we reached to the peak of 2nd #Covid wave in India? May be, yes! Its already 2.5 months in to it. Most badly affected countries peaked within 1.5-3 months of onset of a new surge. Is it too early to comment? 1/
More interesting would be to see which way our curve goes: the UK/Israel or the US way! While both UK/Israel took 1.5-2 months to flatten their curves w/ strict lockdowns & aggressive vaccination, US had a long plateau (>3.5 months) 2/
However, there is heterogeneity in caseloads: While states like MH, UP, CG, PB, DL are showing ⬇️ in case load, some southern & eastern states (KA, KL, AP, TN, WB, ) still reporting cases in high numbers! What is driving Covid in these states? 3/ indiatoday.in/coronavirus-ou…
Different variants (VOC) are circulating in diff states of India. While it is #B1617 is in MS & neighboring states, #B117 in PB, DL & northern states, Delhi & #B1618 in WB & eastern states outbreak.info/situation-repo… 4/
Now, a new variant having #N440K spike substitution is believed to be behind the sudden rise of cases in southern India, particularly in KA, KL, AL & Telangana. Some believe it is believed to be 15 times more lethal than the earlier ones 5/ biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
So, what lies in store for #India? The few key factors that may extend India's suffering for a prolonged period:
1-lack of strict #lockdowns: having halfway yo-yo lockdowns are not the answer!
2-sluggish #inoculation drive: still only 2% of the population received 2-doses! 6/
3-rampant circulation of #variants: not sure which one is the main driver!
4-limited #sequencing: only 1% of isolates sequenced!
5-modestly efficacious #vaccines: unlike the other 3 countries
6-lack of #effectiveness data on currently employed vaccines: so, driving blindly! 7/
What could be the saving grace? Hoping the rapid descent follows the explosive ascent! And the virus, mutating at a staggering pace, might be heading for an evolutionary cliff all on its own. Amen! 8/ bbc.com/future/article…
One interesting thing to note: All the three countries had 3 waves, the last surge the severest!
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➡️ A study has found that people with pandemic chilblains have an unusually strong immune response to SARS-CoV-2, driven by overactive plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) responding to TLR7 signals. 1/
Given the essential role of type I interferon in protective immunity against SARS2 & the association of chilblains with inherited type I interferonopathies, researchers hypothesized that excessive I-IFN responses to SARS2 might underlie the occurrence of chilblains 2/
They identified a transient I-IFN signature in chilblain lesions, accompanied by an acral infiltration of activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Patients with chilblains were otherwise asymptomatic or had mild disease without seroconversion. 3/
Differential DNA methylation 7 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection
A NEW study detected associations between changes in DNA methylation in individuals who had even asymptomatic or mild SARS-CoV-2 infections as compared to their household controls after 7 moths of infection 1/
Aberrant DNA methylation patterns have been linked to various diseases, including cancer and metabolic disorders.
These changes resembled patterns seen in autoimmune or inflammatory diseases, suggesting long-term epigenetic remodeling even in mild cases. 2/
This study shows that even mild or symptom-free COVID-19 infections can cause lasting changes in how certain genes are turned on or off in the body, seven months after infection. 3/
New research reveals that calming the brain's immune cells may reduce Alzheimer's disease inflammation. The study highlights the importance of norepinephrine, which could lead to more targeted, early, and personalized treatments. 1/
Norepinephrine is a major signaling factor in the brain and affects almost every cell type. In the context of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, it has been shown to be anti-inflammatory. 2/
In this study, the researchers describe how enhancing norepinephrine's action on microglia can mitigate early inflammatory changes and neuronal injury in Alzheimer's models. 3/
➡️ A NEW study finds Metformin could prevent a form of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in people at high risk of the disease.
Researchers investigated how metformin could prevent abnormal blood stem cells w/ genetic changes from progressing to AML 1/
Metformin impacts mitochondrial metabolism, & these pre-cancerous cells need this energy to keep growing. By blocking this process, researchers stop the cells from expanding & progressing towards AML, whilst also reversing other effects of mutated DNMT3A gene 2/
Thanks to recent advances, individuals at high risk of AML can be identified years in advance using blood tests and blood DNA analysis, but there's no suitable treatment that can prevent them from developing the disease. 3/
It has been reported that repeated administration of some COVID vaccines induces high IgG4 levels.
New research revealed a surprising IgE anti-RBD response after both natural infection & several SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. 1/
Presence of IgG4 & IgE in COVID-19 suggests that the virus may induce an “allergic-like” response to evade immune surveillance, leading to a shift from Th1 to Th2 cells, which promotes tolerance to the virus & potentially contributes to chronic infection & may be LongCovid 2/
An increase in IgG4 levels is typically associated w/ immunological tolerance & develops after prolonged exposure to antigens. While tolerance to an allergen benefits the host in Allergen Immunotherapy, in viral infection, it enables viral persistence rather than clearance 3/
Cells are swapping their mitochondria. What does this mean for our health?
Researchers are studying why Mitochondria, the energy factories are moving between cells and whether the process can be harnessed to treat cancer and other diseases. 1/.
It turns out that mitochondria can actually be transferred to other cells if needed.
Mitochondria move between different cells in 3 ways-through nanotubes, in extracellular bubble-shaped vesicles, or by free floating through the blood. 2/
How mitochondria are getting around is largely settled, but what’s less clear is why. Researchers are learning that the process is often a form of cellular damage control. 3/