Vipin M. Vashishtha Profile picture
May 4, 2021 9 tweets 6 min read Read on X
Have we reached to the peak of 2nd #Covid wave in India? May be, yes! Its already 2.5 months in to it. Most badly affected countries peaked within 1.5-3 months of onset of a new surge. Is it too early to comment? 1/
More interesting would be to see which way our curve goes: the UK/Israel or the US way! While both UK/Israel took 1.5-2 months to flatten their curves w/ strict lockdowns & aggressive vaccination, US had a long plateau (>3.5 months) 2/
However, there is heterogeneity in caseloads: While states like MH, UP, CG, PB, DL are showing ⬇️ in case load, some southern & eastern states (KA, KL, AP, TN, WB, ) still reporting cases in high numbers! What is driving Covid in these states? 3/ indiatoday.in/coronavirus-ou…
Different variants (VOC) are circulating in diff states of India. While it is #B1617 is in MS & neighboring states, #B117 in PB, DL & northern states, Delhi & #B1618 in WB & eastern states outbreak.info/situation-repo… 4/
Now, a new variant having #N440K spike substitution is believed to be behind the sudden rise of cases in southern India, particularly in KA, KL, AL & Telangana. Some believe it is believed to be 15 times more lethal than the earlier ones 5/ biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
So, what lies in store for #India? The few key factors that may extend India's suffering for a prolonged period:
1-lack of strict #lockdowns: having halfway yo-yo lockdowns are not the answer!
2-sluggish #inoculation drive: still only 2% of the population received 2-doses! 6/
3-rampant circulation of #variants: not sure which one is the main driver!
4-limited #sequencing: only 1% of isolates sequenced!
5-modestly efficacious #vaccines: unlike the other 3 countries
6-lack of #effectiveness data on currently employed vaccines: so, driving blindly! 7/
What could be the saving grace? Hoping the rapid descent follows the explosive ascent! And the virus, mutating at a staggering pace, might be heading for an evolutionary cliff all on its own. Amen! 8/
bbc.com/future/article…
One interesting thing to note: All the three countries had 3 waves, the last surge the severest!

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More from @vipintukur

Dec 16
Breakthrough in respiratory virus prevention (Flu, COVID & more)

➡️ Researchers have developed an AI-designed intranasal antiviral platform that could block multiple respiratory viruses—flu, COVID-19, and future variants—right at the entry point: the nose. 1/ Image
The platform is based on interferon-lambda, a natural antiviral protein, redesigned using AI protein engineering to overcome major limitations: poor heat stability and rapid clearance from nasal mucosa.

➡️ Using AI, scientists strengthened unstable protein regions, improved solubility, and added glycoengineering—making the protein so robust it remained stable for 2 weeks at 50 °C. 2/Image
To keep it in the nose longer, the protein was packaged in nanoliposomes and coated with chitosan, greatly improving adhesion to nasal mucosa and penetration through thick mucus. 3/ Image
Read 5 tweets
Dec 15
New study in International Journal of Infectious Diseases highlights persistent immune alterations after SARS-CoV-2 infection—providing further biological evidence for #LongCOVID as a genuine post-infectious condition.

➡️ Researchers found lasting changes in immune activation and regulation, even months after recovery from acute COVID-19—suggesting the immune system does not fully reset after infection. 1/Image
Key findings point to chronic inflammation, altered cytokine responses, and immune imbalance, which may explain prolonged symptoms such as fatigue, pain, and neurocognitive complaints.

➡️ Importantly, these immune changes were seen independent of initial disease severity, reinforcing that even mild COVID-19 can have long-term immunological consequences. 2/Image
Image
The study of >40,000 people shows that key immune cells (T cells, B cells, NK cells) dropped during widespread COVID infection and stayed below pre-pandemic levels for nearly 2 years. 3/ Image
Read 4 tweets
Dec 13
A new Israeli study demonstrates why some people develop #LongCOVID.

➡️ By analysing immune responses, gene expression and plasma proteins in blood samples, scientists found that people with longCOVID show persistent chronic inflammation and disrupted immune signalling months after infection — patterns not seen in those who fully recovered. 1/Image
These immune differences help explain lingering symptoms — such as fatigue, brain fog and breathlessness — and point to specific inflammatory pathways that could be targeted for treatment. This work opens new avenues for better therapies for millions living with longCOVID. 2/ Image
Researchers performed immunological, virological, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses from a cohort of 142 individuals between 2020 and 2021, including uninfected controls (n = 35), acutely infected individuals (n = 54), convalescent controls (n = 24) and patients with LC (n = 28).

➡️ The LC group was characterized by persistent immune activation and proinflammatory responses for more than 180 days after initial infection compared with convalescent controls, including upregulation of JAK-STAT, interleukin-6, complement, metabolism and T cell exhaustion pathways.

➡️ Similar findings were observed in a second cohort enrolled between 2023 and 2024, including convalescent controls (n = 20) and patients with LC (n = 18). 3/Image
Read 4 tweets
Dec 3
Can past COVID-19 weaken the body’s ability to fight tuberculosis?

➡️ A new study comparing immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) suggests COVID-19 may dampen both antiviral and anti-TB immunity — even months later. 1/ Image
Researchers tested immune cells from healthy individuals and COVID-19 survivors, both with and without latent TB infection (LTBI).

➡️ They stimulated the cells with SARS-CoV-2 Spike and MTB antigens and measured cytokine responses. 2/ Image
Key finding:

➡️ People who recovered from COVID-19 showed significantly reduced inflammatory cytokines — IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α — in response to both SARS-CoV-2 and MTB antigens.

➡️ Suggests prolonged immune downregulation after COVID-19. 3/ Image
Read 5 tweets
Dec 1
A new study comparing immune profiles months after COVID-19 vs influenza shows that SARS-CoV-2 leaves behind distinct and longer-lasting immune abnormalities — very different from what is seen after flu. 1/ Image
Post-COVID patients showed increased CXCR3 and CCR6 expression across multiple lymphocyte populations.

➡️ Punjabi This means their immune system is still sending signals for cells to migrate into tissues (especially the lungs) months after infection.

➡️ Persistent tissue-homing = prolonged inflammation. 2/Image
In contrast, post-flu patients mainly showed a decrease in CCR4 on naïve T cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells — a very different and less persistent pattern.

➡️ Flu does not drive the same long-term immune activation. 3/ Image
Read 5 tweets
Nov 18
A new study provides some of the strongest evidence yet that mitochondrial dysfunction can directly cause #Parkinson’s disease, rather than being a consequence of neuron loss.

➡️ Researchers used a unique mouse model carrying a mutation in CHCHD2, a mitochondrial protein linked to a rare inherited form of Parkinson’s that closely mimics the common, late-onset form. 1/Image
Key Findings

➡️ Mutant CHCHD2 accumulates in mitochondria, making them swollen and structurally abnormal.

➡️ Cells shift away from normal energy production and develop oxidative stress due to buildup of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

➡️ Alpha-synuclein aggregation occurs after ROS rises, suggesting oxidative stress triggers Lewy body formation.

➡️ Human brain tissue from people with sporadic Parkinson’s showed CHCHD2 accumulation inside early alpha-synuclein aggregates, confirming relevance beyond the rare genetic form. 2/Image
Implications

➡️ This work maps a step-by-step causal chain:
CHCHD2 mutation → mitochondrial failure → metabolic shift → ROS buildup → alpha-synuclein aggregation → Parkinson’s pathology

➡️ It supports the idea that mitochondrial defects may underlie many forms of Parkinson’s, not just the inherited type.

➡️ Targeting oxidative stress, mitochondrial health, and energy pathways could offer new therapeutic strategies. 3/Image
Read 4 tweets

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