Two further points to bear in mind are (1) counterparty sector (official or private financial, private non-financial) and (2) the distinction between location and nationality
For this, the following BIS data would shed more light
First, regarding the counterparty sector, the 2020:Q1 surge in cross-border banking flows stands out
Normally, we would expect a sharp retrenchment during stress episodes, but there was instead a surge, as discussed in this #BIS_Bulletin bis.org/publ/bisbull34…
A closer look reveals that most of the flows were the recycling of dollar funding through interoffice flows as part of a "Grand Overdraft"; this explains the surge and the subsequent unwinding
To get at these issues, one needs to go beyond the balance of payment data that @EtraAlex uses
Check out our Dreamcatcher data visualisation tool for our locational banking statistics, which makes everything very easy and intuitive bis.org/statistics/sta…
Second, it's important to distinguish cross-border flows (about the location of the activity) from the *nationality* of the flows (whether they're within the same firm)
The previous bulge in 2014-15 is mostly about latter. This is a useful primer: bis.org/publ/work524.h…
Perhaps @EtraAlex has in mind the chart below (page 20 in the primer linked above), where gross flows mask the net balances
But the analogy is perhaps not that good for the case he mentions - the business model is very different for the banks concerned
My press briefing remarks for the March 2016 BIS Quarterly Review might be more relevant
#DeFi, or decentralised finance, is the latest manifestation of this idea where the ledger is much more elaborate than simply keeping score of who pays whom
Bottlenecks started out as disruptions to supply, but they have morphed into something more
Key point to bear in mind: in aggregate at least, supply has caught up to pre-pandemic levels in key sectors like semi-conductors as well as in raw materials and shipping
So, what then is going on?
Two factors are key: (1) shift in composition of demand and (2) the endogenous changes in behaviour that's given rise to bullwhip effects
Decentralization is motivated by the governance benefits - the idea is that the checks and balances of the community as a whole is the best way to safeguard the integrity of the system and avoid capture by a few powerful entities
But there has been an argument that the price to be paid for this better governance is the lack of scalability
Privacy looms large when CBDCs come up, as digital currencies rely on a ledger of some kind - a record of who owns what, when, and who pays what to whom; see this (tough but fair) interview with @izakaminska and @senoj_erialc I gave to @FTAlphaville
The idea of a digital ID-based CBDC causes discomfort (to say the least); it conjures up notions of compulsory national identity cards
See this classic episode of "Yes Minister", for instance
Dreamcatcher puts into one package the BIS’s cross-border banking statistics; or more accurately, it gathers the BIS’s locational banking statistics that breaks out the cross-border bank claims according to the residence principle
Hovering your cursor above the segment of the circle that represents a particular jurisdiction will bring up the full list of cross-border assets and liabilities of banks operating from there