There is no definite origin story for the Sri Lankan New Year and most scholar point to a multitude of sources that all evolved into what we now celebrate today. But, it can be said that the modern festival originated in the 1500s during the Sītāvaka Period.
The celebration has a long history in India which likely influenced the date for the festival in Sri Lanka as both places have had a history of cultural exchange and movement for millennia.
Scholar also point to how the festival came out of traditional agricultural festivals. The traditions of New Year such as sun worship derive from the Subsistence lifestyles many ancient peoples lived under. Usually this would occur after the spring equinox.
"Astrology and Ᾱyurvēda also on
their part have added various values to different aspects of the New Year Festival." Astrological patterns may have combined with traditional medicinal practices which led to traditional New Year foods such as milk rice and ghee.
There were probably multiple historical factors that contributed to the New Year festival. But, it's important to remember that originated out of both Hindu and Buddhist cultures and traditions, showing how cultural exchange can create a vibrant and uplifting holiday.
To learn more, check out this paper by Jayantha Amarasinghe and Nuwan Isura seelawansha about the origins of the New Year festival... ijac.org.uk/images/frontIm…
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For centuries, while rice cultivation in Sri Lanka existed, the country mainly relied on imports from India for it's supply. This continued even after the British took control of Ceylon in 1796 and they imposed import duties and taxes to profit off this trade and raise revenue.
However, in 1866, a massive famine struck the east coast of India killing 4-5 million people. This shortage of rice caused the price of rice to tripled in Ceylon from 6 to at most 20 shillings.
This strained poor village communities, many of which depended on this imported rice.
In 1915, Sri Lanka experienced a period of unrest as the Sinhalese-Muslim riots broke out, leading to attacks on the Moor population and a suppressive British response...
In the late 1800s, Sri Lanka experience a period of Buddhist revival as many resented the encroachment of Christian missionaries, the weakening of traditional authority under British rule since 1815, and the growing Muslim culture and identity in Ceylon.
In 1912, the tension escalated when the Perahara from the Temple of the Tooth to the Mahaweli river was denied permission to play music during part of the journey by the British as it came too close to Hambaya Mohameddans’ mosque who claimed the noise would disturb worship there.
In July 1960, Sri Lanka elected its first female PM, Sirimavo Bandaranaike with her party, the SLFP gaining power. They intended to continue the "Sinhalisation" started by her husband.
As a result, in 1961, the Federal party launched a satyagraha as the "Sinhala-Only Act" became enforced. The protest was most famous for 200 people who blocked the entrance to the Jaffna Kachcheri.