In the first world, you can do a lot with this kind of degree.
Many political science graduates can find work as a journalist/editor/ reporter with the newspapers, or work as a consultant with the electronic and social media groups,
or as a social-cultural and /or political experts with the advertising firms, or get work at some media campaign advisory and publicity firm!
Other possible roles => 1. Political strategists are also hired by political parties and research think tanks. 2. You can join the civil services easily with a degree in PS!
The third area is that of Finance and Risk 3. Financial Institutions & Sovereign Risk Due Diligence Firms
Well, you can get picked up by a credit rating agency or country risk rating firm, which assigns integrated / composite risk ratings to both the issuing nation-states and their financial securities auctioned in global markets, such as the #Eurobond Market and so on etc.
The Political Risk Rating Firms or other watchdogs( on-site and off-site risk surveillance firms) provide due diligence services in these areas.
Financial Institutions providing client services and undertaking and/or facilitating cross border financial transactions =>
1. Global Banks with a very large risk management department, having an equally large overseas operations unit/ branch network, can also hire political risk analysts.
2. #SWF - Sovereign Wealth Funds do hire political risk specialists to manage the portfolio risk of international investments. I can guarantee this one!
3. L/C Factoring, forfeiting, advising, negotiating, collection and payment facilitation firms also require political / country risk due diligence.
4. Global Credit Insurance firms can also hire PRAs - Political Risk Analysts to assess country risks under different operating scenarios.
5. Certain AML / KYC units might also hire PRAs to assess country (jurisdiction) related money laundering risks.
6. #ESG Roles might require input from those who graduate with a degree in Political Science or related subjects.
The S and the G require macro and micro socio-political analysis, which can be facilitated with a knowledge of political systems, etc.
7. If your Commercial Bank is into Trade Finance and Correspondent Banking Transactions (e.g. L/C Discounting at sight or usance, bill discounting, pricing of Banker's Acceptance draft, issuance of counterparty Guarantee/s and Counter Guarantee/s)
can all require inserting a country risk premium into the overall pricing benchmarks that are used by the Corporate Banking / International Banking Department to value Risky transactions.
Henceforth, a knowledge of Country risk can be best understood if you have a degree in PS
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What Pakistan needs is a financial stability roadmap and with it, it shall attain a level of Macroeconomic stability with strong microeconomic foundations.
The entire purpose of macroeconomic stabilization programs is to provide that sense of security and stability, but, unfortunately, the IMF Lending Agreements, have not helped.
Pakistani macroeconomic structural imbalances remain a festering wound and resource gaps as a percentage of GDP are increasing, which makes us vulnerable to both external shocks and painfully delays internal adjustments.
Met a CFA today who lost so much money, and only a few days back had the privilege of meeting a top broker in my country, who made millions on the same day!
Investment is not just about education.
Market whims matter when you trade-in & out of positions.
Research versus timing
Especially, Retail Banks, that have Capital Market and Investment Banking Desks, lose so much money on bad days.
Banks should cap their equity market exposures using some haircuts such as capital, etc.
It's not their forte.
As an #ERM Consultant, I normally don't advise conservative commercial banks to venture into financial derivatives and structured products.
It's high risk because firstly, they don't have the trained manpower, secondly, they lack the intelligence, and, lastly, the risk appetite.
Studying Industrial Economics, without learning cost accounting, quality mgmt, or operations management, is a waste of time.
Nobody cares who Lagrange, Hotelling, Cornett, and Nash were if you cannot explain basic outlay to the board of directors.
Universities are just pathetic.
Similarly, many financial economists have no understanding of financial accounting concepts.
Economics Education needs a complete revamp at unis.
If economists cannot understand basic accounting entries, then how will they manage risks at Fis?
Doing International Economics, but, not being taught International Marketing, and Relationship Management?
These are just some examples of why many econs students cannot find work.
They cannot relate to practical examples and applied for work in industries.
The lawyer's approach to assessing materiality
Proof Reading documents inside out more as an academic writer than a lawyer, highlighting headers aka rubrics & footnotes, meticulously checking punctuations, referencing with case law and statutes, using a legal dictionary, etc
Of course, in risk management, we do refer contracts and other legal manuscripts to lawyers who offer their fully qualified opinion on legality, materiality, and liability fixing.
But, quantifying legal risk is a big challenge for banks and other financial institutions.
Especially, at Commerical / Retail Banks, the nature and variety of lending are such that multiple legal risks arise at the transaction initiation stages, and later during post-authorization phases.
CROs usually don't come from a legal background.
Hence, that is an Ops risk!
Stochastic and Deterministic LGD Loss Given Default Models are different.
Many bankers are unable to understand the different mathematical assumptions that can make the computations.
That is a big risk per se! @BIS_org #model#Risk#Validation#Creditrisk#FRM #MachineLearning
What is a hazard rate assumption?
How can credit risk be modelled using hazard rates?
This is beyond an average #banker.
Most primal bankers only understood the 5 or later the 7Cs of credit.
Accounting, cashflows, creating a charge on assets, foreclosure, special asset mgmt, etc
Actually, Quantitative Risk Management has not helped at all, in my opinion.
Blindly applying maths and statistics has made decision-making worst.
Banking was about relationship mgmt, business model analysis, accounting trickeries, branch operations, etc
Now it's like a lab work