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Namaste…Welcome to the 17th session of #LearnSamskritam through Twitter chats. This session is a continuation of the previous session in which we discussed about the tenses and moods in Sanskrit. 17/1
Out of the two Future Tenses लुट्, the First Future expresses 'definite' but 'not immediate futurity'. This is known as अनद्यतन भविष्यत् or action in the future but not of today. सः परश्वः ग्रामं गन्ता, he will go to the village day after tomorrow. 17/2
लृट्, the Second Future, although properly indefinite, is employed to express 'all degrees and kinds of futurity', immediate or remote, definite or indefinite. So this is known as सामान्य भविष्यत्. For example सः गमिष्यति, he will go. 17/3
Welcome to the 16th session of the #LearnSamskritam
Today’s session will be about the tenses and moods in Sanskrit.16/1
Today’s session will be about the tenses and moods in Sanskrit.16/1
There are six tenses and four moods in Sanskrit.
Six Tenses: one Present Tense, three Past Tenses (Aorist, Imperfect and Perfect), two Future Tenses (the First Future and the Second Future)
Four Moods: Imperative, Potential, Benedictive and Conditional. 16/2
Six Tenses: one Present Tense, three Past Tenses (Aorist, Imperfect and Perfect), two Future Tenses (the First Future and the Second Future)
Four Moods: Imperative, Potential, Benedictive and Conditional. 16/2
लट् (Present Tense) Action which is started and not finished yet
लिट् (Perfect Past Tense) Action in the past which is not witnessed by speaker
लङ् (Simple Past Tense) Action in the past but not of today
लुङ् (General Past Tense) Action in the past in general 16/3
लिट् (Perfect Past Tense) Action in the past which is not witnessed by speaker
लङ् (Simple Past Tense) Action in the past but not of today
लुङ् (General Past Tense) Action in the past in general 16/3
Welcome to the 15th session of #LearnSamskritam. We continue our discussion on the specialty of each root-group. In the previous session we had discussed about bhvādi and adādi gaṇa. In this session we will try to discuss about the specialties of the rest of the groups. 15/1
जुहोत्यादि juhotyādi (हु आदि गण hu ādi gaṇa)
In the roots of this group the infix शप् śap or अa gets changed to श्लु ślu which is basically zero, but it exercises its force of reduplication. So from the root hu ‘to offer’ we get (हुhu + हुhu + ति ti) जुहोति juhoti ‘offers’.15/2
In the roots of this group the infix शप् śap or अa gets changed to श्लु ślu which is basically zero, but it exercises its force of reduplication. So from the root hu ‘to offer’ we get (हुhu + हुhu + ति ti) जुहोति juhoti ‘offers’.15/2
दिवादि divādi (दिव् आदि गण div ādi gaṇa)
In the roots of this group the infix शप् śap or अ a changes to श्यन् śyanyaor य ya. So we get from the root दिव् div ‘to play or shine’ (दिव् div + य ya + ति ti) दिव्यति divyati ‘plays or shines’. 15/3
In the roots of this group the infix शप् śap or अ a changes to श्यन् śyanyaor य ya. So we get from the root दिव् div ‘to play or shine’ (दिव् div + य ya + ति ti) दिव्यति divyati ‘plays or shines’. 15/3
Welcome to the 14th session of the #LearnSamskritam through Twitter chats. In this session the focus will be on the classification of the Root-sounds in Sanskrit. 14/1
#SamskritaRootSounds
#SamskritaRootSounds
There are approximately 2000 root-sounds listed by Maharshi Panini which are appended to his book अष्टाध्यायी aṣṭādhyāyī. These root-sounds are classified into ten different groups गणs gaṇas based on the conjugational patterns that the root-sounds follow. 14/2
Each of the ten groups of root-sounds is different from the other group owing to the modification that takes place by many grammatical elements like infixes etc. Here we will discuss about the specialty of each group.14/3
Welcome to the 13th session of the #LearnSamskritam through Twitter chats. In this session the focus will be on the use of passive verb forms in Sanskrit. The passive forms are also considered as one of the derived (व्युत्पन्न vyutpanna) verb forms. 13/1
The passive verb forms are needed when one wishes to express in passive voice. There are three voices in Sanskrit: 1. Active (कर्तृनिष्ठ kartṛniṣṭha), 2. Passive (कर्मनिष्ठ karmaniṣṭha), and 3. Impersonal (भावनिष्ठ bhāvaniṣṭha). 13/2
In active voice it is the agent or the कर्ता kartā that is expressed by the verb. Here the agent is in the Nominative case (prathamā vibhakti) and the object in Accusative (dvitīyā). The number and person of the verb is according to the number and person of the agent. 13/3
Welcome to the 12th session of the #LearnSamskritam through Twitter chat. In this session we will learn about the denominatives or the verbal forms derived from the noun bases. Such verbal base derived from noun is known as नामधातु nāmadhātu or a nominal base. 12/1
The nominal verbs, though not much in common use, can facilitate easy conversation and creative writings in Sanskrit. These are used to convey various senses like: performing, practicing, treating or using or behaving like the thing or quality expressed by the noun. 12/2
Examples in the sense of ‘wish’:
पुत्रीयति putrīyati One wishes for a son.
कवीयति kavīyati One wishes for a poet.
राजीयति rājīyati One wishes for a king.
लवणीयति lavaṇīyati One wishes for salt.
अशनायति aśanāyati One wishes for food.
उदन्यति udanyati One wishes for water. 12/3
पुत्रीयति putrīyati One wishes for a son.
कवीयति kavīyati One wishes for a poet.
राजीयति rājīyati One wishes for a king.
लवणीयति lavaṇīyati One wishes for salt.
अशनायति aśanāyati One wishes for food.
उदन्यति udanyati One wishes for water. 12/3
Welcome to the 11th session of #LearnSamskritam. In this session I will be explaining the various types of secondary or derived verbal bases (व्युत्पन्न-धातु vyutpanna-dhātu) with examples. 11/1
The secondary verbal bases or (व्युत्पन्न-धातु vyutpanna-dhātu) are derived from the primary verbal bases or even sometimes from primary nominal bases by means of affixation. These secondary verbal bases are of five types. 11/2
1. सन्नन्त sannanta or Desiderative
A verbal base derived from a primary root by adding the suffix सन् san in the sense of ‘desire to’. For example: from the primary root वच् vac meaning ‘to speak’ we get विवक्ष् vivakṣ (desire to speak) which is a desiderative verbal base. 11/3
A verbal base derived from a primary root by adding the suffix सन् san in the sense of ‘desire to’. For example: from the primary root वच् vac meaning ‘to speak’ we get विवक्ष् vivakṣ (desire to speak) which is a desiderative verbal base. 11/3
Welcome to the 10th session of #LearnSamskritam. In the last session I had mentioned about primary bases as अव्युत्पन्न avyutpanna and the secondary bases as व्युत्पन्न vyutpanna. Let me explain here what are these types of bases. 10/1
अव्युत्पन्न प्रातिपदिक avyutpanna prātipadika refers to the non-derived nominal bases like ख kha meaning 'space', बल bala meaning 'strength'. For the primary bases further split up is not possible. 10/2
व्युत्पन्न प्रातिपदिक vyutpanna prātipadika or a secondary nominal base refers to the derived nominal base. Depending upon the several ways of derivation secondary nominal bases are divided into three categories: कृदन्त kṛdanta, तद्धित taddhita, and समास samāsa. 10/3
Welcome to the 9th session of #LearnSamskritam. In the next few sessions I wish to introduce Sanskrit Grammar in a simple way. Through this one will be able to grasp a little bit about various aspects of Sanskrit grammar. 9/1
Every sentence in Sanskrit has two types of words. One belongs to the noun category and the other to verb category. Let's take a sentence for example: रामः पठति rāmaḥ paṭhati. This is a complete sentence meaning Rama is reading/studying or Rama reads/studies. 9/2
The two words in the above sentence, रामः rāmaḥ and पठति paṭhati are two formed words called पदम् padam in Sanskrit, which alone can be used in a sentence. So we have the saying: अपदं न प्रयुञ्जीत apadaṁ na prayuñjīta meaning one should not use that which is not a पद. 9/3
Welcome to the 8th session of learning Sanskrit through twitter chats. This session focuses on the fricatives or sibilants of the Sanskrit Alphabet. 8/1
#LearnSamskritam
#LearnSamskritam
श śa, ष ṣa, स sa, and ह ha are the four sibilants or fricatives in Sanskrit Alphabet. In Sanskrit these four sounds are called उष्मवर्ण uṣmavarṇa or sounds producing heat. They reflect their connection with the sounds of the breath. 8/2
In the grammatical tradition, these four are also called as अर्धस्पृष्ट ardhaspṛṣṭa or half-touched, and ईषद्विवृत īṣadvivṛta or slightly open. In the articulation of these sounds the contact between the articulatory organs is neither mild nor concrete but half. 8/3
#LearnSamskritam
Welcome to the 7th session of learning Sanskrit through twitter chat. This session focuses on the Approximants or Semivowel sounds of the Sanskrit Alphabet. 7/1
Welcome to the 7th session of learning Sanskrit through twitter chat. This session focuses on the Approximants or Semivowel sounds of the Sanskrit Alphabet. 7/1
The four sounds – य ya, र ra, ल la and व va – are the four approximants or semivowels in the Sanskrit Alphabet, placed immediately after the typical consonants. Very aptly in Sanskrit approximants are named as अन्तःस्थ antahstha which literally means ‘placed in between’. 7/2
In the articulation of approximants, the articulatory organs cause a narrowing of the vocal tract but leave enough space for air to flow without much audible turbulence. The contact between the articulatory organs is mild (īṣatspṛṣṭa). 7/3
Namaste. Welcome to the 6th session of learning Sanskrit through twitter chats. In this session we will be learning the distinctive features of each of the sounds of the first or the guttural group (the kaṇṭhya-varga). 6/1 #LearnSamskritam
The sounds ka, kha, ga, gha and ṅa belong to the guttural group and are produced from the same place by bringing the root of the tongue in contact with the soft palate. Even though these five sounds are produced from the one position each sound is different from the other. 6/2
The first sound of the group ka is a hard (kaṭhora) and is unvoiced or of minimal vocal resonance (aghoṣa). Also this is articulated with minimal breath release and is thus known as alpaprāṇa or unaspirated. 6/3
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Welcome to the 5th session of this Twitter chat. Today we will be learning a few fascinating things about the consonants of Sanskrit.
Contrary to the vowels which are independent sounds, the consonants are dependent sounds - सापेक्ष sāpekṣa. 5/1
Welcome to the 5th session of this Twitter chat. Today we will be learning a few fascinating things about the consonants of Sanskrit.
Contrary to the vowels which are independent sounds, the consonants are dependent sounds - सापेक्ष sāpekṣa. 5/1
Consonants in Sanskrit are known as व्यञ्जन vyañjana which literally means embellishment. Indeed the vyañjana sounds are decorated by the vowels. So we have: क का कि की कृ कॄ क्लृ कु कू के कै को कौ कं कः (ka kā ki kī kṛ kṝ klṛ ku kū ke kai ko kau kaṃ kaḥ). 5/2
In the Sanskrit grammatical tradition vowels are described as prāṇa or life-force without which the speech world would not exist. The consonants are described as śarīra or the body. Interestingly Tamil uses the word மெய் எழுத்து (Mei Ezhuthu) meaning the body-sounds. 5/3
Namaste...suprabhatam...Welcome to the 4th session of #LearnSamskritam twitter chat. In the last session I had given a general introduction to the Sanskrit alphabet. Today we will be focusing our discussion on the vowel sounds of Sanskrit.
#LearnSamskritam
A vowel sound in Sanskrit is called स्वरवर्ण svaravarṇa. The word स्वर svara means that which shines by itself (स्वयं राजते इति svayaṁ rājate iti). This shows that the vowels are self-shining/independent sounds (निरपेक्ष nirapekṣa / स्वतन्त्र svatantra). 4/1
A vowel sound in Sanskrit is called स्वरवर्ण svaravarṇa. The word स्वर svara means that which shines by itself (स्वयं राजते इति svayaṁ rājate iti). This shows that the vowels are self-shining/independent sounds (निरपेक्ष nirapekṣa / स्वतन्त्र svatantra). 4/1
The other meaning of स्वर svara is that which resonates (स्वर्यते इति svaryate iti). The vowels are intoning sounds. One can sing those sounds with mouth open. So the vowels are known as open sounds (विवृत vivṛta). 4/2
#LearnSamskritam
Welcome to the 3rd session in the series. The session today will be focused on the Sanskrit Alphabet.
Welcome to the 3rd session in the series. The session today will be focused on the Sanskrit Alphabet.
In Sanskrit the alphabet is called वर्ण-माला varṇa-mālā which literally means ‘garland of letters’. The other word used for the same is अक्षर-समाम्नाय akṣara-samāmnāya meaning ‘collection or a list of letters.’ 3/1
The two words akṣara and varṇa both are used in Sanskrit to indicate letters. Do you know why? The word akṣara means that which does not decay (na kṣarati iti). Please remember this is not merely attributive. The word akṣara reveals the whole metaphysics of sound. 3/2
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Namaste. Welcome to the second session of #LearnSamskritam. Today's lessons will be more focused on words of greetings like good-morning, goodnight, good-day etc.
Namaste. Welcome to the second session of #LearnSamskritam. Today's lessons will be more focused on words of greetings like good-morning, goodnight, good-day etc.
सुदिनम् sudinam means good-day. The prefix सु su refers to anything which is good, excellent, perfect, auspicious, easy, well, beautiful, right. The word दिनम् dinam means ‘day’. The sound द da in Sanskrit, essentially has the quality of division, split, separate etc.
The prefix सु su can be replaced with शुभ śubha, meaning shining, bright, auspicious, splendid, good, prosperous, pleasant, agreeable etc. This comes from the root शुभ् śubh meaning to beautify, embellish, adorn, shine, be splendid, happy etc.
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Namaste. I welcome you all to this Sanskrit learning platform through Twitter chat. The unique hash tag created for this program is #LearnSamskritam. Let's begin our session with the word 'namaste'. This word is a combination of 'namas' and 'te'.
Namaste. I welcome you all to this Sanskrit learning platform through Twitter chat. The unique hash tag created for this program is #LearnSamskritam. Let's begin our session with the word 'namaste'. This word is a combination of 'namas' and 'te'.
The word 'namas' means reverential salutation, homage, obeisance etc. The word 'te' means 'to you or (meant) for you'. The word ‘te’ is a short form of ‘tubhyam’. Grammatically this is the 4th case singular form of the personal pronoun ‘yuShmad’.
The word ‘namas’ is derived from the root-sound ‘nam’ and has a very deep meaning than what is usually understood by the words ‘namaskAra’, ‘namas-te’ namonamaH and ‘praNAma’. The root-sound ‘nam’ means ‘to bend or bow or submit oneself ’.
