Thread by @Sampadananda

Namaste…Welcome to the 17th session of #LearnSamskritam through Twitter chats. This session is a continuation of the previous session in which we discussed about the tenses and moods in Sanskrit. 17/1

Out of the two Future Tenses लुट्, the First Future expresses 'definite' but 'not immediate futurity'. This is known as अनद्यतन भविष्यत् or action in the future but not of today. सः परश्वः ग्रामं गन्ता, he will go to the village day after tomorrow. 17/2

लृट्, the Second Future, although properly indefinite, is employed to express 'all degrees and kinds of futurity', immediate or remote, definite or indefinite. So this is known as सामान्य भविष्यत्. For example सः गमिष्यति, he will go. 17/3

Among the four Moods लोट्, the Imperative, yields the usual force of 'command' or 'entreaty'. Examples: त्वं तत्र उपविश, you sit there; सः अत्र उपविशतु, let him sit here. The first person Imperative is used to express 'necessity', for example अहं करवाणि 'I must perform'. 17/4

विधिलिङ्, the Potential or Optative may generally be rendered in English by one of the auxiliaries 'may', 'can', 'would', 'should', 'ought'. It’s also employed as a 'softened imperative'. Examples: सः वदेत्, he should say; अहं पठेयम्, I must read; त्वं पठेः, you should read. 17/5

आशीर्लिङ्, the Benedictive or Precative is chiefly used in pronouncing benediction and also in imprecation. It is a modification of the Potential. त्वं सुखी भूयाः, May you be happy; भवान् चिरं जीव्यात्, May you live long. 17/6

लृङ्, the Conditional is used 'when an action is supposed to pass by unaccomplished'. It is occasionally used after the conjunctions यदि and चेत् 'if'. For example, सम्यक् अपठिष्यं चेत् अवश्यं सफलः अभविष्यम्, Had I studied well, I would have surely become successful.17/7

In addition to the ten tenses and moods, there is a subjunctive or लेट्, which is used only in the Vedas. śataṃ jīvāti śaradaḥ शतं जी॑वाति शरदः “he shall live a hundred autumns”. 17/8

लट् वर्तमाने लेट् वेदे भूते लुङ् लङ् लिटस्‍तथा ।
विध्‍याशिषोर्लिङ्लोटौ च लुट् लृट् लृङ् च भविष्‍यति ॥

लट् लकार - वर्तमान काल
लेट् लकार - in the वेद
लुङ् लङ् and लिट् - भूतकाल
लिङ् and लोट् लकार - विधि and आशीर्वाद
लुट् लृट् and लृङ् - भविष्यत् काल
17/9

That's all for today. I will come up with some new lessons in the next session.
पुनर्दर्शनाय
punardarśanāya
17/10