A somewhat personal note about this. Some years ago I read that vitamin MK-4 supplements reduce osteoporosis fractures by 89%—an astonishing effect—and did some reading to see it was believable and if I & family should be taking. My notes from then below. 
As soon as I read that Sato’s frauds were in the area of osteoporosis, I thought “oh god, that probably explains THAT” and googled before reading on. Why yes indeed. And then later in the article, this:
My area of professional expertise is about as far from osteoporosis as you can get, but the 89% number stuck out as incredible. Point is, most major scientific frauds are obvious to many people, including those with no special knowledge, for many years. But what can you do?
Fixing this will take major institutional reforms.
Related: review of @JohnCarreyrou’s _Bad Blood_, about the Theranos fraud, by @StatModeling andrewgelman.com/2018/08/09/bad…
