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23 Jun, 10 tweets, 5 min read
#TodayinHistory in 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo, upon A. Mabini's advice, issued a decree transforming the "Gobierno Dictatorial" into a "Gobierno Revolucionario," & his position "Dictador" into "Presidente." This was to set the stage for people's representation in #PH gov. THREAD.
On 12 June 1898, to boost the morale of the Filipino revolutionary troops, #PH independence from Spain was proclaimed, at Kawit, Cavite. Apolinario Mabini arrived on the same date, offering his services as adviser to Aguinaldo.
Mabini urged Aguinaldo of the need for people's representation in the creation of a Filipino government. Note that the independence proclamation was initiated by revolutionary generals whose position was mainly by appointment & not by the elective voice of the people.
On 18 June 1898, Mabini drafted a decree that Aguinaldo issued, creating a provisional "gobierno dictatorial," & initiating preparations for an election of officials on the towns liberated by the revolutionary army.
#OnThisDay, Aguinaldo issued another decree that Mabini drafted, changing the gov to a revolutionary gov ("Pamunoang Tagapagbangong puri"), establishing executive depts, a revolutionary congress, & a revolutionary committee stationed abroad dedicated to diplomacy.
The decree also changed the title of the head of gov from "Dictador" to "Presidente" w/ the expressed intention "to fight for the Independence of the Philippines until all free nations, including Spain, recognize her." Upon the election of the officials in liberated towns...
... on 1 Aug 1898, all these elected officials took their oaths in Bacoor, and Mabini had them ratify the proclamation of independence, ensuring the legitimacy of the gov with the expressed & written support of the people through their elected leaders.
W/ suspicion of U.S. motives confirmed when Filipinos were barred from taking control of Intramuros on 13 Aug, it was a race vs. time as the fledgling gov sought legitimacy by seeking intl recognition while pursuing a seat in the negotiation bet. 🇪🇸& 🇺🇸.
Tensions bet. Filipinos & US would begin when Filipinos were also denied in the negotiations bet. 2 powers. It concluded in the Treaty of Paris on 10 Dec 1898, w/ Spain ceding its Pacific colonies, including #PH w/c it has lost control of, to the U.S.
Photos:
- Portrait of Emilio Aguinaldo, c. 1897, from @AskNLP
- Apolinario Mabini, c. 1901, from the Presidential Museum & Library
- Part of the 23 June 1898 decree, from Sulpicio Guevara, The Laws of the first Philippine Republic (The Laws of Malolos) 1898-1899
For @subselfie.

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Kristoffer Pasion Profile picture
24 Jun
IN MEMORIAM: A historical question posed by PNoy in a Cabinet meeting would always get our team under MLQ3 to work. We were 4 history researchers, 2 archivists, 1 graphic designer. Armed w/ GoogleDoc & piles of sources, we have to finish a historical briefer from 10 mins to an hr
If some personality of historical significance in PH dies, we needed to beat the media to it in releasing a statement, w/ the PCDSPO-OPS relying on us historians on the details that should come w/ that statement. That alone should all take around 10 mins tops.
PNoy's questions to our principal came as innocently as "Why were the Jesuits expelled from PH by Spain?" or "Why should the National Anthem precede prayer in state events?" All these questions great or small, would entail a briefer.

This was how history informed his policy.
Read 8 tweets
Kristoffer Pasion Profile picture
22 Jun
#TodayinHistory in 1920, Jovito Salonga, democracy leader, lawyer, & Senate President, was born in Pasig City #PH. Beyond his sterling achievements as opposition leader during the Marcos dictatorship, his was a life devoted to his Protestant faith, justice, & freedom. THREAD. Image
Born to a poor family, the youngest of the 5 children, Salonga's father, Esteban Salonga, was a Presbyterian pastor & his mother, Bernardita Reyes, a vendor. He studied in @UPCollegeofLaw, but had to postpone his Bar exam when Japan invaded #PH in 1941.
Salonga joined the Filipino guerrilla underground but was captured in 1942. He was sentenced by the Japanese to 15 years in forced labor, but this was cut short when he was pardoned in Feb 1943 on the occasion of Kigen Setsu (Japan's Foundation Day).
Read 11 tweets
Kristoffer Pasion Profile picture
21 Jun
#TodayinHistory in 1948, #PH President Elpidio Quirino brokered an agreement w/ Hukbalahap rebel leader Luis Taruc for the first time. The negotiations, however, would eventually collapse 2 months later. Coincidentally, the date was also Taruc's birthday. THREAD #history ImageImage
W/ the agrarian inequalities that have plagued Central Luzon (the "rice basket" of #PH), a colonial legacy that had since exacerbated, unrest had been brewing since the #PH Commonwealth. One of the signs of this was the Sakdalista Uprising in 1935.
Luis Taruc, born #onthisday in 1913, became a member & group leader in the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas (PKP). He eventually ran into conflict w/ the Quezon admin, & was imprisoned thrice for his open campaign for farmers'/workers' rights.
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Kristoffer Pasion Profile picture
3 May
@PinoyAkoBlog Ok. Wow. Where do I begin?

Re: Austronesian migration (Out-of-Taiwan model by Peter Bellwood), that's just 1 of the major diffusionist theories on the peopling of #PH. There's also the Wilhelm Solheim III model that proposed migration came from southeast of Southeast Asia. 1/
@PinoyAkoBlog Then there's the F. Landa Jocano model disagreeing w/ diffusionist models, but instead proposing an internal devt in the region. All these model theories are based on what we could gather from archaeological excavations, genetics, & ethnolinguistic cultural traces. 2/
@PinoyAkoBlog The thing abt the origins or the peopling of #PH is that these theories are a work in progress, bec we know so little of that period, except for what the inhabitants of the period left behind—tools, pots, remains. What I find problematic here is the nationalist-racial framing. 3/
Read 6 tweets
Kristoffer Pasion Profile picture
30 Apr
#TodayinHistory in 1937, 572,130 Filipina women voters trooped to the polls in a national plebiscite to vote in favor for/against women's suffrage. 447,725 voted in favor of it, making #PH one of the 1st countries in Southeast Asia to give women the right to vote. THREAD. Image
Women's suffrage in #PH was an uphill battle, led by Filipino feminist activists from early 20th century onwards. Although Filipina women were granted command during PH-American War, they were not given space in halls of power where decisions were made.
Rosa Sevilla de Alvero was one of the early voices for women, advocating for women's invaluable role, via Antonio Luna's newspaper, La Independencia from 1898 onwards, & eventually establishing Instituto de Mujeres, a girls' school, in Tondo, in 1900.
Read 10 tweets
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3 Mar
#TodayinHistory in 1894, Paz Márquez-Benítez, author of the very first #Filipino #shortstory in English, was born in Lucena City, Tayabas (now Quezon Province). She was a women's rights advocate, beauty queen, & a founder of #PH Women's University. THREAD. #WomensHistoryMonth
Born to the couple Gregorio Marquez & Maria Jurado, both educators, the Marquezes were a prominent family in Tayabas. She inherited from them a passion for learning, entering Tayabas High School (now Quezon National High School) at the young age of 9.
Living at the turn of the 20th c. when #PH was ceded to the U.S., Paz was part of 1st gen of Filipinos educated in the ways & inclinations of America. Her Spanish became "ceremonial," Tagalog "utilitarian", w/ English becoming "the language of her heart."
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