Pairing graphics with words.
Young or old, all of us receive information through two primary pathways - words and graphic or pictorial representations. Student learning increases when teachers convey new material through both.
Linking abstract concepts with concrete representations.
Teachers should present tangible examples that illuminate overarching ideas and also explain how the examples and big ideas connect.
Posing probing questions.
Asking students "why," "how," "what if," and "how do you know" requires them to clarify and link their knowledge of key ideas.
Repeatedly alternating problems with their solutions provided and problems that students must solve.
Explanations accompanying solved problems help students comprehend underlying principles, taking them beyond the mechanics of problem solving.
Distributing practice.
Students should practice material several times after learning it, with each practice or review separated by weeks and even months.
Assessing to boost retention.
Beyond the value of formative assessment (to help a teacher decide what to teach) and summative assessment (to determine what students have learned), assessments that require students to recall material help information "stick."
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This one is a real (and lengthy) hoot. Hits all the rhetorical sour notes. “scientists have discovered in recent decades that acquiring factual information isn’t a useless, soul-crushing exercise; it’s the prerequisite for higher-order thinking” 🤣
many elementary schools have marginalized or eliminated knowledge-building subjects like social studies and science. The pressure to raise reading and math scores is one factor,
1979: “There is a misconception among people and school children about the nature of mathematics,” said Anneli Lax, professor of mathematics at New York University. “They consider it a matter of rules and regulations instead of thinking.”
The pressure, she said, is for pupils to come up with the right answer quickly, without time to analyze.
The 1960's, said J. Philip Smith, acting head of the mathematics group at Teachers College, Columbia University, downgraded academic rigor, and in the 1970's problem‐solving took second place to drill.
1951: “American college students know shockingly little about the geography of this country. They know even less about the world. American or world geography is a forgotten subject in our institutions of higher learning.”
“Only one out of every four students knew even the approximate population of the world. Here the range was almost too fantastic to believe. Many thought the world had 100,000,000 or fewer people. Other listed it as above 200 billion.”
“Despite the role that this country is now taking in world leadership, the college students know very little about the world beyond their own borders. For example, only seven out of the 4,752 students - and all were upperclassmen-could name the countries that border Yugoslavia.”
“Academic Preparation for College: What Students Need to Know and Be Able to Do” 1983, @CollegeBoard: “In social studies, a grasp of major trends in the contemporary world such as nationalism and urbanization; the ability to recognize historical cause and effect;
a grasp of United States history in terms of the chronology and impact of political events,
development of governmental and social institutions, technological and environmental changes and changes in values.”
Awesome article! And: take just about every single thing written about the coaching and learning of sports here, and hit ‘find/replace’ for math, and you have more of the full picture of what’s going on with #math instruction.
I’ll elaborate some parallels here: “Strict, militaristic discipline and authoritarian power with frequent outbursts of screaming and cursing” — “Strict, “get it right the first time” focus, authoritarian pedagogies with direct and indirect messages that demoralize students
“Winning at all costs” — increasing test scores at all costs
2/x ... "What about pure mathematics and mathematicians who merely prove theorems? Is there any #ethical component comparable to what you find in other fields of #science?" - R. Hersh in Experiencing #Mathematics
3/x One point of view: "there's no need for #mathematicians to have a code of #ethics, because what we do matters so little that we can do whatever we like."