Keep your 👁 out for potassium competitive acid blockers!
Baclofen is effective in reducing TLESRs and reflux episodes.
What about adjunctive therapy with bile acid binders?
Unfortunately, phase III study was discontinued 😔
Alginates theoretically coat the esophagus and protect from acid. Unfortunately the data really don't support their use.
Types III-IV hernias may need surgery. For I-II, assess symptoms and response to PPI.
If PPIs are not helping, consider:
-alternative diagnosis
-medication nonadherence
-mechanical defect (suspect if pyrosis is better but still has regurgitation)
-"refractory #GERD"
- this should actually be "refractory symptoms," because may not actually be acid-related
-taper to lowest dose of acid suppression
-if not better, look for other diagnosis and/or mechanical defects (especially if regurgitation)
-surgical/endoscopic therapies ONLY when you can prove objective #GERD
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Pyridostigmine & neostigmine
⚡️cholinesterase inhibitors
🧠pyrido should not cross the blood-brain barrier
🚽evidence in chronic idiopathic constipation and acute colonic pseudo-obstruction
🫄pregnancy class C; excreted in breastmilk
🫀cholinergic side effects, esp bradycardia
Acotiamide
⚡️inhibits cholinesterase and enhances ACh release via muscarinic receptors
🎈enhances gastric emptying and accommodation
🔥NERD & FD
🫄no safety data
💊side effects: nausea, abdominal distension, constipation
I gave a talk on inpatient bowel regimens today for the @YaleMed@YaleIMed residents and students, with additional 💎s on outpatient #constipation. Here are the slides!
💨The gut microbiota generates ~0.2L–1.5L of gas per day
💨>99%: hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2), & methane (CH4)– *odorless*
💨foul smell of gas from <1%: sulfur–containing gases hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methanethiol (CH3SH), dimethyl sulfide [(CH3)2S] + volatile compounds
🦠bacteria in the colon ferment substrates that are not digested or absorbed in the upper GI tract (e.g. carbohydrates, proteins, fats)
🦠produce short-chain fatty acids, branched-chain fatty acids, ammonia, N-nitro compounds, phenolic and indolic compounds, and various gases