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santhoshd
@santhoshd
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Responses to a previous thread prompt me to compile a chronological (atleast initially) account of the impressive scientific & tech developments in the Indian geography. Not Authoritative/Complete by any means though: I'm not a scientist, not a historian #IndianHeritage (1/n)
1st listing for context -
India, Nepal and Pakistan. Earliest dating ~12.5 Million years ago
Fossils of several species of Sivapithecus; closest extant species - Sumatran orangutan, Tapanuli orangutan, Bornean orangutan.
deccanherald.com/national/11-mi…
Attirampakkam, Tamil Nadu. Earliest dating ~1.5 Million years ago
Lower palaeolithic (Acheulian) culture; stone hand-axes and cleavers
Middle palaeolithic culture; ~380 Thousand years ago; small flake technology
thehindu.com/sci-tech/scien…
Hathnora, Madhya Pradesh. ~500-250 Thousand years ago
Narmada Man fossils: Homo erectus/archaic Homo sapiens/Homo heidelbergensis?
Cranial remains (Arun Sonakia)
Right/Left clavicle and left rib (Anek R Sankhyan)
Late Acheulian stone hand-axes & cleavers
downtoearth.org.in/coverage/lonel…
Ghumarwin-Bam, Himachal Pradesh. ~500-50 Thousand years ago
Soanian and Acheulian flake/core tools and hand-axes, cleavers, scrapers
thehindu.com/news/national/…
Pahiyangala Cave (AKA Fa-hien-lena), Sri Lanka. ~35 Thousand years ago
Late Pleistocene hominid fossils. stone tools and fireplaces
frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl…
Bhirrana, Haryana ~10 Thousand years ago
Began with Chalcolithic extending to Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) culture, evidence for all phases of IVC; Copper-ware, terracotta, precious stones, wheels, weapons, figurines, mud-brick fortifications.
frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl…
Generic Pre-IVC technology development: Agriculture, Domestication of animals ~9000-7000 years ago
Mehrgarh, Pakistan (inhabited continuously from ~9000 to ~4000 years ago)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehrgarh
Not shameless plug: Read up as much as you can about Rakhigarhi, Haryana - a Pre-IVC and IVC site ~6300-4000 years ago (not just about the recent distortions of the fossil DNA analysis please)
outlookindia.com/magazine/story…
Generic IVC technology development: Urbanization, Hydraulic engineering, Drainage, Writing, Dentistry ~5500-3300 years ago
theprint.in/science/new-st…
Kalibangan, Rajasthan ~5500-4000 years ago
Evidence for the world's first furrowed field. (Article linked to is a decently broad overview of IVC)
asianage.com/opinion/column…
Special shout-out to the system of standardized measurements developed in the IVC, similar to likely independent and contemporary systems in Egypt and Mesopotamia (Article linked to is actually focused on tech and trade in Bronze-age Wales, just because!)
wildhunt.org/2019/09/techno…
Not shameless plug: Read up as much as you can about Dholavira, Gujarat - an IVC site ~4600-3500 years ago
thehindu.com/life-and-style…
Lothal, Gujarat ~4500-3600 years ago
Port of IVC vintage. Flourishing city with trade ties to Mesopotamia and Persian Gulf region. A tidal dockyard, bead factory
whc.unesco.org/en/tentativeli…
Decimal counting systems, Vedic age ~3500 years ago
The Vajasaneyi Samhita or the Shukla Yajurveda has a verse that counts in powers of 10 to atleast the 9th, if not the 12th power
archive.org/details/yajurv…
Geometry, Vedic age Date unknown, atleast 800-600 BCE
One Vedanga discipline is Kalpa, dealing with ritual ceremonies. Generally classified as Sruti (oral) & Smriti (authoritative) traditions. Sulba Sutras, 1 of 4 parts of Kalpa, use geometry extensively.
veda.wikidot.com/kalpa-vedanga
Statement of Pythagorean Theorem & Lists of Pythagorean triples, 800-600 BCE
Several Sulba Sutras texts exist. Baudhayana Sulba Sutra states a variant of the Pythagoras Theorem and lists Pythagorean triples. The Apastamba text lists Pythagorean triples.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shulba_Su…
Square Root of 2, 800-600 BCE
Just like a Babylonian tablet from ~1750 BCE provided an estimate of square root of 2 (accurate up to 1.41421), the Baudhayana Sulba Sutra provides an estimate accurate up to 1.41421 in instructions to construct an altar...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baudhayan…
Geometric Transformation
Also has reasonably accurate instructions to transform 1 geometric shape to other while preserving area of shape. Squaring a circle, eg. [link: article on Maitrayaniya Sulba, pls visit Indian National Science Academy website often]
insa.nic.in/writereaddata/…
Will return to this later. Meanwhile not shameless plug: Read Early Indians by @tjoseph0010. His thesis succintly: We are all Indians, we are all Migrants. Normally, needn't say the 2nd bit, given Out of Africa and all that, but these aren't normal times.
frontline.thehindu.com/books/article2…
Another site to bookmark: @free_thinker's @AltNews has an excellent Science section, edited by @Neurophysik. Please visit frequently.
altnews.in/topics/science/
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santhoshd
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Piyush Goyal confused Einstein for Newton while claiming that Math did not aid explanations for gravity, in an attempt to deride calculations in discussing the economy. For anyone who's been in India for the last 5 years or so, this shouldn't come as a surprise... #WarOnScience
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