First a question - What do you think when someone asks for your help with a rash?
2/ Regardless how you answered, I hope to teach you something today! Let's start!
"In #dermatology, we don't do an H+P, we do a P+H."
The exam is perhaps most important. You can use it to narrow down your ddx! Then, you use your history to further work toward the right dx.
3/ "If there's scale, there probably is epidermal involvement."
Scale usually implies action in the epidermis. This doesn't rule out anything in the dermis or subcutis, but just that the pathology includes action up top.
4/ "If there is scale, it's probably a papule/plaque."
If you close your eyes and can palpate a difference between rash/lesion and normal skin, it's a plaque or papule (or nodule etc). And so, if you see scale, you'd probably be able to palpate that, hence: papule/plaque.
5/ "Distribution is the least reliable factor in the exam."
We talk about building the skin exam in layers:
Primary lesion
Secondary change
Configuration
Distribution
There's a reason "distribution" comes last, because it's the least reliable!
6/ "Vesicles & bullae turn into pustules over time."
You know how a transudative pleural effusion can become exudative over time (#meddermftw)? Well, same with the skin. Something that looks clear will turn purulent over time! Always be sure you're looking at the newest lesion.
7/ "Every dermatologist has been fooled by ____."
There are some relatively common diagnoses that are just tricky. I've heard this about FUNGUS (pic), and when a patient is super itchy, about SCABIES. A good dose of humility is important in dermatology (and all of medicine)!
8/ "_______ can look like anything."
On the flip side, some diagnoses can present in so many different ways, it's important to always consider them. I specifically hear this about syphilis and sarcoid (pic)!
9/ "Any erosion/ulcer is herpes until proven otherwise."
Even though he doesn't want to be the herpes guy, gotta tag @MishaRosenbach. HSV can look so atypical b/c it's been there for so long or the patient is immunosuppressed. Always think about it!
2/
Onychomycosis is more common in adults than kids.
Trauma, diabetes, immunosuppression, tinea pedis, psoriasis, and family history are some risk factors
Pro tip- check the feet for tinea pedis if you suspect onychomycosis!
2/ First things first, do you mind telling us who you are?
3/Let's begin: Beau’s lines! Transverse depression across the nail. Means the nail briefly stopped growing and started again.
Seen weeks after nail injury! Or, if it's seen on multiple nails, ask about febrile illness (like post #covid19) or stressors like SJS or chemotherapy.
2/ You know how we say that everything could be sarcoid? Well, HSV-1/HSV-2 (which I'll refer to as herpes for this #thread) would be a close 2nd, ESPECIALLY on the inpatient service.
While HSV-1 is usually thought to be oral and HSV-2 genital, this certainly is NOT always true.
3/ The class exam finding for herpes is the "dew drop on a rose petal." In clinical speak, that would be a vesicle on an erythematous base. But often we don't see the vesicle intact.
For ex, the photo above shows intact vesicles, whereas here, we just see the resultant crust.
Among BOTH males and females in the US, how common is melanoma?
2/ Melanoma is the 6th most common malignancy (that's tracked) for BOTH men & women. Basal cell carcinoma is actually the MOST common cancer in the US, but we don't track it.
While melanomas are 6th, in certain groups (eg: women age 25-30), it is the #1 cause of cancer death!
3/ So melanoma is deadly, especially in certain age groups. But something peculiar is happening too. @AdeAdamson recently spoke at @MassGeneralNews about this interesting finding 👉 melanoma diagnosis is increasing, but melanoma death is decreasing.
AKA: "How a dermatologist approaches a rash!"
pc:@AADskin
2/ So what exactly is a reaction pattern? It's an organizational way to think about rashes so that we can bucket them. There are FIVE main reaction patterns:
3/ It's PAPULOSQUAMOUS! The name means it's papular (raised) with scale. The prototypical rash for these is psoriasis, which is that 1st photo! Notice how in darker skin, the erythema of psoriasis is harder to see!
2/
An important point to start:
Distribution is LEAST important in the skin exam. Primary & secondary lesions, configuration & scale are all better in informing our DDx.
I tell my learners that if confused about a rash, pretend it's elsewhere on the body & see if that helps.
3/
Also - throughout this #tweetorial, I will try to display skin disease in lighter & darker skinned patients side by side. Remember in darker skin, erythema is harder to see, so I hope this highlights the point!
A question: In tweet 1, what distribution is shown in the photo: