Thread by @labour_history

#OTD 1976. James Callaghan becomes Labour’s fourth Prime Minister.

The leadership contest was the first to be fought in thirteen years following the shock resignation of Harold Wilson

A thread looking at the battle between Callaghan, Foot, Healey, Jenkins, Crosland and Benn

Wilson had given Callaghan a heads up in the days before telling him he ‘should begin to make preparations for the inevitable contest’

tidesofhistory.wordpress.com/2020/03/26/the…

The bookmakers @LadPolitics priced it as follows:

James Callaghan 4/5
Denis Healey 7/4
Tony Crosland 7/2 in from 20/1
Roy Jenkins 5/1
Tony Benn 10/1
Michael Foot 12/1
Shirley Williams 20/1
Eric Varley 25/1

Callaghan immediately declared his candidacy via a press release but was said to have been upstaged 30 minutes later by Tony Benn.

Benn launched his via a press conference alongside Joe Ashton, Frances Morrell and Francis Cripps.

Callaghan opted for a low-key campaign and refused to issue a manifesto or participate in any interviews.

He would later claim there was no point in ‘pretending to wash up in the kitchen’ as Thatcher and Whitelaw had done.

Callaghan’s supporters were initially concerned that age would be a factor.

Aged 64 he was four years older than Wilson and had been a key member of the Government from 1964 onwards.

Callaghan also opted to win the PLP by carrying on in his role as Foreign Secretary and letting two sets of organisers do his campaigning.

Callaghan refused to give an interview, release a single policy or participate in any debates

Denis Healey was seen as the major challenger.

As Chancellor Healey had high personal ratings in the country.

Healey was honest in his stark appraisal of Britain’s economic situation:

‘The next Prime Minister has to lead the British people through a most difficult and testing period – a period which will last beyond the next General Election’

Healey was slow to declare his candidacy as he was spending eight hours a day working on a budget ‘leaving little time to whip up support amongst MPs’.

He invited TV cameras to film him organise the 'most crucial budget' since the war

He promised to put cash in the pockets of voters

Roy Mason considered a run:

‘I am the only one with a pedigree of working-class trade union origins and therefore will give it consideration’

But in the end it was Crosland and Jenkins who made up the six candidates

The Sun newspaper invited all candidates to write a column.

Only Benn and Crosland accepted the offer.

Tony Benn wrote of his plan:

‘First to cut back on foreign imports to get our people back to work making the things we need…second to plan to put more of the nation’s savings into new machinery…third a move towards industrial democracy’.

‘We must stop presenting politics in terms of its personalities alone. It is the policies that matter the most’

‘There is nothing this country cannot do if we have the confidence in each other, a vision of greater equality and the guts to day what we believe and stick to it’.

A Cabinet Minister argued Benn was pitching himself for the next election after a Labour defeat:

‘Tony think people will turn to him as a mixture of a Roman General, Charles de Gaulle and Nye Bevan’

Tony Crosland – Environment Minister – outlined his candidacy:

He claimed ‘the people are fed up with empty slanging matches between politicians…They want a leadership with a vision for Britain’s future’

Crosland called for ‘much higher industrial investment’ to arrest economic decline and ‘introduce a wealth tax’ to ensure ‘greedy men’ cannot ‘make money out of speculation in land and property’

He argued ‘the answer to the Tory challenge is a moderate but positive Labour Government dedicated to the task of restoring the social health of Britain’

But by 1976, as David Marquand observed, Crosland was a ‘busted flush’ relying on ‘cliché’s about the voters of Grimsby’

Crosland could not even rely on the vote of his close political ally Roy Hattersley.

Crosland asked ‘Even on the first ballot? No? Then Fuck Off!’.

Roy Jenkins claimed he would work with the left of the party:

‘In a coalition like the Labour Party the left has to be recognised. There is no question of driving the left out of the party.

Jenkins secure the support of the Sun newspaper:

‘Mr Jenkins is a thinking Social Democrat. His politics are pretty much our politics’.

‘And we suspect, the politics of a substantial majority of the British people, who wisely tend to shy away from extremism of any kind’

Jenkins was also popular with the Telegraph:

‘Manifestly the best man for the Premiership’

The Times ‘he is our best man’ and The Daily Mail ‘the best Labour Prime Minister we’re not to have’

The BBC Panorama was accused of bias by Crosland and Healey when it featured a three way debate between Healey, Jenkins and Foot.

Callaghan refused to partake just as Margaret Thatcher had in 1975 and claimed that it was the smartest move she made.

Healey warned the party against taking a ‘soft option’ on the left

‘They must choose a leader who can wrench this country out of the path it has been following since world war two and be relied to stick to it’

Healey had provoked the left of the party just a few days earlier when they clashed over a backbench rebellion on spending cuts.

Eric Heffer shouted ‘Stalinist!’ at Healey and claimed that he had learned nothing since they were both in the Communist Party

Russell Kerr shouted ‘Bastard! Bastard!’ at Healey and other MPs brandished the V sign at him.

Healey responded ‘Go and fuck yourselves you fuckers!’

Foot and Callaghan also clashed over the way to deal with parliamentary reselection at a Labour NEC meeting. Foot backed Ian Mikardo’s motion for full reselection between elections.

Callaghan led the resistance and secured 14-11.

In Swindon, Michael Foot launched a personal manifesto and secured the support of Barbara Castle, Peter Shore and John Silkin.

Foot argued for a return to the spirit of World War Two:

‘I remember the mood which swept this country in the years after 1940. Overnight almost, Britain became a country suffused by what I would describe as a socialist inspiration’

Foot argued:

‘The sense of common purpose for the whole community took command; the class barriers started to come down; the unrivalled skill and ingenuity of the British people, so long stifled by the pre-war Tory establishment, was unleashed’

A poll claimed that Callaghan was the overwhelming choice when asked ‘who would make the best Prime Minister

Callaghan 48%
Benn 12%
Healey 11%
Jenkins 11%
Foot 7%
Crosland 2%

Callaghan also scored the highest in the most likeable, strong, honest and capable categories.

But in the first ballot Foot emerged as the victor

Foot 90
Callaghan 84
Jenkins 56
Benn 37
Healey 30
Crosland 17

Roy Jenkins quit the race in order to ‘Stop Foot’

Healey on the other hand refused to pull out of the race

‘I have never been a man for bending to pressure. That perhaps is one of my qualifications for the job’.

Benn withdrew in order to support Foot. Neil Kinnock, a Foot organiser, approached Benn to join the campaign team. Benn refused

‘I am not going to sit in a sort of sit in as a sort of back bench member of Michael Foot’s campaign committee’

Benn was pleased to have beaten Healey, writing in his diary, that considering the press onslaught

‘to have (Jenkins) only get eighteen more votes than me and that Denis Healey should have got seven less. That is amazing…The Wilson era is over, that is absolutely clear’

Foot’s camp were said to be confident that they would win the second ballot by ‘seven or eight’ votes with ‘an almost 50/50 chance of winning’. A Sunday Times poll of MPs predicted a 14 vote victory for Foot

It finished

Callaghan 141
Foot 133
Healey 38

Healey was eliminated meaning a run off between Foot and Callaghan.

The media were critical of Foot.

The Telegraph dubbed him ‘a windy world-spinning poseur…a stone age socialist…who would bring in a war time siege economy’

The Times claimed he had ‘spent his political life flirting with forces that are neither decent nor patriotic’

Socialist Commentary warned that Foot’s

‘political views of which he has over the years made himself a spokesman…would destroy the Labour Party’

The paper claimed there was

‘no chance whatever in a mature democracy a party could win a majority on the basis of the blend of vaguely marxist theory and the slogans of shop floor militancy that typifies the politics of Labour’s left’

Foot had support through the Daily Mirror

‘The Mirror has no doubt about Mr Foot’s patriotism. No doubts about his devotion to a humane and DECENT socialism’

Foot disagreed with the argument that Labour should pick an ‘election winner’:

‘Winning elections is like searching for happiness – if you make the search too direct you won’t achieve the objective. But the objective can come as a by product of reaching other objectives’

Foot argued

‘When the next election comes it is likely to baffle the political prophets and pollsters more than most’.

Foot also secured the votes of traditional right-wingers such as Douglas Jay – because of his stance on Europe – and Brian Walden because Foot was a ‘man of principle’

Callaghan was featured in a BBC documentary by Michael Cockerell. It can be viewed still here....

bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-pol…

Callaghan claimed he was:

‘I am not willing to just give a mouth to airy principles – what I sometimes call the microphone revolutionaries. I am much more inclined to sit down and say what are the practical consequences’

Callaghan’s tactic – of letting his organisers speak for him paid off.

On the 5th April James Callaghan defeated Michael Foot by 176 votes to 137.

Callaghan became only the fourth Labour Prime Minister in history.

After winning the contest, Callaghan visited Labour Party HQ at Transport House ‘to make the symbolic gesture of linking the party in the country with the members who elected me’

He later admitted

‘He would be an unfeeling man who could sit in No 10 and feel no emotion. For me it was a boyhood dream come true’

In his first broadcast to the nation he warned that 'no one owes Britain a living'

He claimed 'We are still not earning the standard of living we are enjoying. We are only keeping up the standards by borrowing and that cannot go on indefinitely'

He concluded that:

'There is no soft option. I do not promise you any real easement for some time to come. There can be no lasting improvement...until we can achieve it without going deeper and deeper into debt as a nation'

Privately, Callaghan was proud to have beaten five of the Labour titans for the job. He told his aides:

'Prime Minister of Britain...and I never went to University'

'There are many cleverer people than me in the Labour Party, but they're there and I'm here'

END