I see people are still debating what is the level of protection from 2-dose vaccine against symptomatic #covid19.Enough studies now show at ~6 months post vaccination it is <50% efficacy and frequently close 0%,meaning without masks rate of infection is the same for vax/unvax 1/
but protection against severe/death is still good at 6 months (~70% efficacy).
But due to the uncertain nature of the level of Ab titers and its waning speed, immune priming or failing, and underlying conditions, is it better to wear the masks pretty much constantly outside 2/
some may ask how long should we wear the mask or social distance?
with first-generation #COVID19 vaccines, based on their efficacy, how they work, how long, it will be unrealistic to expect we could go back to pre-2020 behavior, even with 100% vaccination rates.
3/
if 3rd dose will be effective against symptomatic #COVID19 after 1 year, then there is a possibility to break the chain of viral transmission. However, as long as vaccination doesn't prevent forward transmission after infection, a chain of transmission cannot be stopped
4/
chain of transmission by itself would not be a problem for the "healthy" vaccinated population except when it finds vulnerable people. vulnerable people, this category is very broad. they will be defenseless even with vaccination. the only defense is to stop viral circulation
5/
and to stop viral circulation we need a vaccine that stops viral transmission. right now, first-generation vaccines cannot do that. so, going back to pre-2020 behavior is unrealistic. It will be madness b/c no country, even now, experienced a full blow of the #SARSCoV2
6/
as no country, even now, ever went back fully to pre-2020 behavior for any significant amount of time without incurring the unbearable cost to their population. 7/
when vaccines work, they work but we don't know why they work, because when they work gov/science interest in studying it evaporates as it solves their problem. so they move on. when they don't work, then there is more interest to study it. we are in a limbo right now
8/
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immunologically speaking, there no rhyme or reason to believe that if 2-dose vaccine-induced neut Abs hang around for 6 months, somehow they will hang around much longer after 3rd dose. 1/
in general, it is quite unexpected that after such robust 2-dose antigen priming, as mRNA vaccine does (based on Ab titers immediately after 2nd dose), we should see such a precipitous drop in vaccine efficacy within 6 months. 2/
everyone pays attention to neut Ab titers but even NIH/Moderna's own study in lab mice showed neut Abs are not essential at all. These were confirmed in a more recent study using B cell KO mice. No Ab is needed to protect mice against #SARSCoV2.
3/
In part I published in 2018, we introduced the SPIRAL model. It proposes that cross-reactivity is the basic unit that drives the evolution of adaptive immune system and it is thymus-derived regulatory T cells, Tregs, that rely on cross-reactive epitopes to control other T cells
We also proposed that thymus-derived #Foxp3 Tregs rely on #CrossReactive epitope derived from the friendly gut microbiota to survive and function in the periphery. So one of the main roles of gut microflora is to supply #Tregs with epitopes.
These two graphs tells the story about 3rd wave with #DeltaVariant.
daily cases vs. daily death. Based on data from 2nd wave,we should have expected already ~ 500-2000 death daily but so far the UK only reported ~ 100 daily death. Does it mean vaccine worked? No. why not?
1/
Why cannot I say with certainty that 10-20 fold lower daily deaths in the 3rd wave indicate that the vaccine is effective?
Simply because the authority consistently say that >90% of those who are diagnosed with #COVID19 are non-vaccinated.
2/
So, >90% with #COVID19 are non-vaccinated and still there is 10-20 fold fewer daily death?
This makes no sense unless #COVID19 positive population in 3rd wave is completely different from those in the 1st and 2nd waves.
3/
We are entering a new, endemic stage of #COVID19 spread. Drop in efficacy (50% or less) against new SA variants is a classical example of vaccine efficacy against #influenza virus.
It is clear from all available data that both @BioNTech_Group and @moderna_tx mRNA vaccines will be less effective against SA variant and there will be many more like this.
@RMedzhitov Why focus on allergy? b/c allergy is a paradox. The allergy we recognize is a completely maladaptive response and has no protective role whatsoever. It is not clear why do we even need IgE
2/
@RMedzhitov So, some 10 years ago or so, @RMedzhitov started to suggest that #allergy is an intrinsic property of a certain type of #antigens, many of them with enzymatic function (enzymes). 3/
1st, there is no standard threshold above which something is called #CytokineStorm.
Mechanistically, the simplest form of #CytokineStorm we can understand is when anti-CD19 #CART cells are infused in tumor-bearing recipients.
in this scenario, we have large numbers of antigen-specific T cells (anti-CD19) and large numbers of antigen-bearing cells (CD19+ tumor cells). When too many T cells engage with too many antigens simultaneously in a short period of time we get #CytokineStorm
Why is that? This is because naturally developing an adaptive immune system (T cells) ordinarily doesn't work that way. 1st, for a given antigen we have very few antigen-specific T cells (~ 50 cells/antigen, unlike anti-CD19 CAR-T cells that are in millions).