On this day, in 1981, 5 cases of what came to be known as AIDS, were reported in @CDCMMWR—changing the world.

Today, the Lancet journals reflect on the science and people behind #40YearsOfHIV/AIDS response through a special collection of content ➡️ hubs.li/H0PGLbC0

Months later, Kenneth Hymes et al. published an article in @TheLancet describing Kaposi's sarcoma in a group of young homosexual men in New York, suggesting a sexually transmissible disease might have a role in the pathogenesis of the rare cancer.

Read hubs.li/H0PGMwN0.

In 1984, Philippe Van De Perre et al. and Peter Piot et al. provided early data on #AIDS in Rwanda and Zaire.

Udani Samarasekera talks to Peter, Director of @LSHTM, about the first African research project on AIDS, @UNAIDS, and hopes for the future: hubs.li/H0PGL9f0

#ChronicPain affects over 30% of people worldwide and exerts an enormous personal and economic burden.

A new @TheLancet Series on #ChronicPain presents recent findings across specialties, with implications for health care providers and patients: hubs.li/H0PgfvK0

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The Series explores 3 types of pain—nociceptive, neuropathic, nociplastic—and the biopsychosocial model of pain—interactions between #chronicpain, biological, psychological, and social factors.

Read an update on burden, best practices, and new advances: hubs.li/H0Pgfv10

Nociplastic pain is a new descriptor of pain arising from abnormal pain signal processing. It applies to a range of conditions, such as fibromyalgia, that lack clear mechanisms or biomarkers—a challenge to diagnose and treat.

Learn more ➡️ hubs.li/H0Pgfv30

In 2019, the no. of smokers worldwide ⬆️ to 1.1 billion. Tobacco smoking caused ~8 million deaths—1 in 5 male deaths.

#GBD studies of 204 countries highlight the enormous health toll of 🚬 and authors urge all countries to do more to ⬇️ tobacco use. See hubs.ly/H0Pd0590.

89% of smokers began by age 25—evidence suggests an individual is unlikely to become a smoker if they do not start by this age.

Yet over half of countries show no progress in reducing 🚬 among 15-24-year-olds—a critical window to prevent initiation. Read hubs.li/H0Pd09f0.

Why have 🚬 control policies had little impact on young people? They may respond to policies in different ways to adults, writes @aekunst in @TheLancetPH. The solution? Centralising young people's perspectives and experiences. Read hubs.li/H0Pd0YM0.

NEW—Emerging evidence indicates #COVID19 has distinctive pathophysiological features that set the disease apart from respiratory failure of other origins.

A new 4-part Series in @LancetRespirMed explores COVID-19: Pathophysiology of Acute Disease: hubs.li/H0NyR540

.@osuchm et al. provide a comprehensive Review of the pathophysiology and phenotypes of #COVID19. Read in @LancetRespirMed: hubs.li/H0NySMY0.

The challenges and promise of therapeutically targeting the pleiotropic cytokine interleukin-6 are considered in the 2nd & 3rd papers.

#Interleukin-6: obstacles to targeting a complex cytokine in critical illness—Oliver McElvaney et al: hubs.li/H0NyRjW0 (1/2)

Cardiovascular disease is responsible for 35% of deaths in women yearly—yet remains:
❣️Understudied
❣️Under-recognised
❣️Underdiagnosed
❣️Undertreated

NEW @TheLancet Commission outlines 10 recommendations to improve health outcomes for millions of women: hubs.li/H0Ns28Y0

275 million women were diagnosed with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in 2019. Acknowledging sex and gender-specific risk factors is the key to understanding #CVD in women and reducing the 🌍 burden.

Read the #LancetWomenCVD Commission: hubs.li/H0Ns28Y0

The global prevalence of cardiovascular disease in women has declined by 4.3% since 1990, but has risen in some of the world's most populated nations—🇨🇳(10%), 🇮🇩(7%), 🇮🇳(3%).

@TheLancet #LancetWomenCVD Commission provides regional recommendations: hubs.li/H0Ns28Y0

Migraine affects over 1 billion people worldwide, is the 2nd leading cause of disability, and a major source of losses to the 🌍 economy—yet professional and political awareness is lacking. Read a new @TheLancet Series on #Migraine by @MessoudAshina et al. hubs.li/H0J-73-0

In 2011, migraine cost Europe an estimated €50-€111 billion. Evidence suggests primary care could meet the needs of most #migraine patients, where available. Read an overview of migraine epidemiology, global burden, and migraine care challenges. hubs.li/H0J-73-0

Migraine diagnosis is based on clinical criteria—criteria that do not capture migraine’s heterogeneity. Read about recent progress in disease characterisation, biomarkers of #migraine, and precision medicine for affected patients: hubs.li/H0J-73-0

63 million lives have been saved since 2000 by global efforts to #EndTB—efforts at risk from #COVID19. Achieving @WHO's #EndTB Strategy targets requires urgent action and investment.

On #WorldTBDay, access related content from across The Lancet titles 👇

Every day, nearly 4000 people die from #tuberculosis. Although considered a public health emergency for over 25 years, only modest progress has been made.

On #WorldTBDay, explore how recent advances could revolutionise #TB control & care in this Seminar: hubs.ly/H0JPlsv0

An estimated 568,000 missing childhood #tuberculosis cases in 2019 were neither diagnosed nor adequately treated. With childhood TB cases on the rise, the case detection gap must be narrowed, writes @Esinofils, @TogunToyin, and @BeateKampmann. Read how: hubs.li/H0JPk5p0

Maternal & child undernutrition remains a major health concern—the last decade saw little progress despite proven interventions & recent gains may be offset by #COVID19. A follow-up #LancetNutrition Series calls for global recommitment.

Read hubs.li/H0HRXR80

From 2005-15, nearly 5% of children had concurrent stunting & wasting in LMICs. For maternal nutrition, prevalence of undernutrition ⬇️, but anaemia & short stature remain high.

Read the #LancetNutrition Series: hubs.li/H0HRFfS0 & hubs.li/H0HRFlX0

Previously highlighted interventions continue to be effective at reducing stunting, micronutrient deficiencies & child death. Delivering nutrition interventions within the #first1000days of life if key.

Read the @LancetChildAdol Review: hubs.li/H0HRR310 #LancetNutrition

NEW—COVID-19 causes more severe disease than seasonal influenza, confirms a Study of French national data from over 130,000 hospitalised patients published today in @LancetRespirMed: hubs.li/H0CRd__0 (1/4)

Nearly twice as many people were admitted to hospital for COVID-19 at the height of the pandemic than were for influenza at the peak of the 2018/2019 flu season; (COVID-19, 89,530 patients vs influenza, 45,819 patients) (2/4)

The death rate among COVID-19 patients was almost three times higher (number of deaths: COVID-19 15,104/89,530 [16.9%] vs influenza 2640/45,819 [5.8%]), and a greater proportion of COVID-19 patients experienced severe illness requiring intensive care. (3/4)

Designed in 1948, the #NHS pay structure has not kept up with the changes in women’s position in society. The medical #genderpaygap in England has worsened as a result of #COVID19, and does not narrow until aged 65. Jane Dacre et al. Comment: hubs.li/H0CHQfJ0

A recent review shows that the total medical #genderpaygap in England is 24·4% for hospital doctors, 33·5% for general practitioners, and 21·4% for clinical academics.

A severe reduction in child-care provision during the #COVID19 pandemic will have disproportionately stalled the careers of women in medicine; it is likely that most accommodations to adjust to the shortage of child-care will have been made by female doctors.

NEW—First full results from interim analysis confirm that the Oxford #COVID19 vaccine is safe and efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 disease: hubs.li/H0CcSs60 (1/6)

The vaccine protects against symptomatic disease in 70% of cases – with vaccine efficacy of 62% for those given two full doses, and of 90% in those given a half then a full dose. (2/6)

The first clinical efficacy results of the vaccine are based on a pre-specified pooled analysis of phase 3 trials in UK and Brazil (11,636 people), alongside safety data from 23,745 participants in 4 trials in the UK, Brazil and South Africa. (3/6)

NEW—Radiotherapy following prostate cancer surgery can safely be avoided for many men: finding from a prospectively planned systematic review & meta-analysis assessing results from 2153 men enrolled across 3 trials, with median follow-up of at least 5 yrs hubs.li/H0x3LxP0

NEW—Timing of radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy (RADICALS-RT): a randomised, controlled phase 3 trial hubs.li/H0x5PXH0 (Trial 1/3)

NEW—Adjuvant radiotherapy vs early salvage radiotherapy following radical prostatectomy (TROG 08.03/ANZUP RAVES): a randomised, controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial @TheLancetOncol (Trial 2/3) hubs.li/H0x69kT0

This week we're celebrating #PeerRevWeek20 with the theme #TrustInPeerReview

NEW Editorial discusses the enormous effect that #COVID19 has had on scientific publishing as well as the increased public interest in & scrutiny of research & science hubs.li/H0wwv5L0

In recognition of #PeerRevWeek20 we would like to say thank you to our reviewers for their essential role in maintaining the advancement of science and medicine through helping us to identify the most robust and impactful work #TrustInPeerReview hubs.li/H0wB2cg0

From peer review, through our in-house editing process, production, to publication and beyond, the entire Lancet team brings a wealth of expertise in scholarly publishing

On #PeerRevWeek20, follow the journey of a paper at @TheLancet journals hubs.li/H0wB2nM0

Non-communicable diseases & injuries (NCDI) cause more death & disability at every age among the world’s poorest billion than in wealthy countries— new @NCDIpoverty Commission provides cost-effective & equitable interventions to address #NCDIPoverty hubs.li/H0wd1XP0

Among the world’s poorest people, almost 800,000 under age 40 die each year from #NCDs & injuries

The @NCDIpoverty Commission outlines how to reverse the neglect of the world’s most marginalised people living with these conditions #NCDIPoverty hubs.li/H0wd1XP0

"Partnerships & coalition building will be key not only within the #NCD community but also in alliances forged with the UHC & anti-poverty movements"—The Lancet Editors reflect on the #NCDIPoverty Commission calling for expansion of the global NCD agenda hubs.li/H0wfQsN0

New research mapping global trends in vaccine confidence across 149 countries between 2015-19 & based on data from over 284,000 adults surveyed about their views on whether vaccines are important, safe and effective, reveals vaccine hesitancy hotspots hubs.li/H0w0gKb0

Findings from largest study of global vaccine confidence to date finds that although confidence remains low across Europe, there are signs that it is increasing for much of Europe, including France hubs.li/H0w0gKb0

Largest global vaccine confidence survey suggests that overall confidence in vaccines—including safety, effectiveness, and importance—fell in Indonesia 🇮🇩, the Philippines 🇵🇭, Pakistan 🇵🇰, and South Korea 🇰🇷 between Nov 2015 and Dec 2019 hubs.li/H0vXTbc0

NEW—Preliminary results from Russian trials find that #COVID19 vaccine candidates led to no serious adverse events and elicit antibody response hubs.li/H0vGWRW0

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The new paper reports the findings of two open-label, non-randomised phase 1/2 trials looking at a frozen formulation and a freeze-dried formulation of a two-part #COVID19 vaccine (2/8)

The two-part #COVID19 vaccine included two adenovirus vectors – recombinant human adenovirus type 26 (rAd26-S) and recombinant human adenovirus type 5 (rAd5-S) (3/8)

NEW—Many countries falling behind on global commitments to tackling premature deaths from chronic diseases, such as diabetes, lung cancer and heart disease: finding from 2nd #NCDCountdown 2030 report #ActOnNCDs #beatNCDs @imperialcollege @WHO @ncdalliance hubs.li/H0vBry00

#COVID19 is a pandemic that must highlight the high burden that #NCDs place on health resources, but also that many of the tools required to fight a pandemic are also required to fight #NCDs. NEW Editorial ahead of #UNGA & @ncdalliance #ActOnNCDs Week hubs.li/H0vG-Mk0

NEW—Among high-income countries, only

Denmark 🇩🇰
Luxembourg 🇱🇺
New Zealand 🇳🇿
Norway 🇳🇴
Singapore 🇸🇬
South Korea 🇰🇷

are on track to meet SDG target 3.4 (1/3 ⬇️in #NCD mortality by 2030) for men & women #NCDCountdown hubs.li/H0vBry00 #NextGenNCD #ActOnNCDs

📅 What can we do to address non-communicable diseases #NCDs & injuries of the world’s poorest people?

Join the virtual launch event of @TheLancet #NCDIPoverty Commission on Tues 15 Sept to hear solutions from across global health & development

Register bit.ly/2YFr3pw

📅 1 week to go! Join the @NCDIpoverty virtual global event, bringing together political, health & civil society leaders to discuss #NCDs, #COVID19 & using findings from the @TheLancet #NCDIPoverty Commission to #ActOnNCDs

Register bit.ly/2YFr3pw

📅 3 days! For too long, we’ve neglected #NCDs & injuries for those in poverty. Following this year's Global Week of Action on NCDs, learn how #globalhealth can better #ActOnNCDs to deliver #HealthForAll

Register for @TheLancet #NCDIPoverty global event bit.ly/2YFr3pw

NEW Modelling—Current projections point to an estimated 3.1 billion population lacking effective UHC coverage in 2023, with nearly a third residing in south Asia: finding from #GBDStudy 2019 Universal Health Coverage Collaborators @IHME_UW hubs.ly/H0v8_6k0

"The paper also raises some fundamental questions about the relevance of this approach to measuring UHC progress at this moment in time"

The universal health coverage ambition faces a critical test—Comment on #GBDStudy from M Kruk, J Ataguba & P Akweongo hubs.ly/H0vcH0y0

🎧 NEW Podcast: In Conversation With…@DrRafaelLozano @IHME_UW, joins us to talk about the findings and implications of his new universal health coverage #GBDStudy, and @mkruk discusses efforts to analyse and measure #UHC buzzsprout.com/882697/5259427

NEW—40% of #dementia cases could be prevented or delayed by targeting 12 risk factors throughout life: finding from 2020 update to @TheLancet Commission on dementia prevention, intervention, and care #AAIC20 hubs.ly/H0s-v8_0

NEW—2020 update to @TheLancet Commission on #dementia outlines nine recommendations for individuals & policymakers to reduce #dementia risk #AAIC20 hubs.ly/H0s-v8_0

NEW—In some countries, the proportion of older people with dementia has fallen, probably due to improvements in education, nutrition, & lifestyle, showing possibility of reducing #dementia through preventative measures: @TheLancet Commission update #AAIC20 hubs.ly/H0s-v8_0

NEW—Chinese phase 2 trial finds #COVID19 vaccine is safe and induces an immune response hubs.ly/H0sK2nR0

Phase 2 randomised controlled trial of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored #COVID19 vaccine (Ad5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine) was conducted in China in April 2020 and involved more than 500 people

The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the immune response and safety of the vaccine, and to determine the most suitable dose for a phase 3 trial hubs.ly/H0sK2nR0