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I edit mainly history and cultural studies based on credible scientific journals, books and reports.
Mar 23, 2023 9 tweets 3 min read
#OTD 23 Mar 1869, Calouste Gulbenkian, an #Armenia'n businessman & philanthropist, was born in Constantinople (#Istanbul). He played a major role in making the petroleum reserves of the Middle East available to Western development & is the 1st person to exploit Iraqi oil #History Gulbenkian travelled extensively and lived in a number of cities including Istanbul, London, Paris and Lisbon. Throughout his life, Gulbenkian was involved with many philanthropic activities including the establishment of schools, hospitals, and churches.
Mar 22, 2023 8 tweets 5 min read
#OTD 22 Mar 1920, #Azerbaijan'i forces began a systematic massacre of #Armenia'ns living in the town of Shushi, #NagornoKarabakh. The Massacre resulted in the complete destruction of Armenian district of Shushi & an almost complete elimination of its Armenian population. #History According to the 1917 publication of the Caucasian Calendar, there were 43,869 residents in Shushi in 1916. The city was composed of 23,396 Armenians who formed 53.3 percent of the population, and 19,091 Shia Muslims (mainly Azerbaijanis) who formed 43.5 percent of the population
Mar 21, 2023 6 tweets 4 min read
#OTD 21 Mar 1747, #Armenia'ns were granted equal rights with the Dutch in #Indonesia, then Dutch East Indies. Most of the Armenians arrived from Isfahan, New Julfa, Amsterdam, Calcutta, Madras. They established well-known commercial houses engaged in trade with overseas markets. Image Armenian merchants from Amsterdam went to Southeast Asia in the 19th century to trade, and to set up factories & plantations. Armenian merchants settled in parts of Java, as did Armenians moving east from the Persian Empire, establishing a community of Armenians in Java. Image
Mar 21, 2023 10 tweets 6 min read
#OTD Mar 21 1828, the #Armenia'n Oblast (province) was created out of the territories of the former Erivan & Nakhchivan khanates, which were ceded to #Russia by Qajar #Iran under the Treaty of Turkmenchay after the Russo-Iranian War of 1826-1828. #History Image The Armenian Oblast was a province of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire that existed from 1828-40. It corresponded to most of present-day central Armenia, the Iğdır Province of Turkey, the Nakhchivan exclave of Azerbaijan. Its administrative center was Yerevan. ImageImage
Dec 11, 2022 21 tweets 5 min read
#OTD 11 Dec 1988, An Il-76 military transport aircraft crashes near Leninakan (Gyumri). 9 crew members and 68 military servicemen died in the accident while on an air relief operation following an earthquake in #Armenia on Dec. 7, 1988.

aviation-safety.net/database/recor… Of the 69 passengers & 9 crew, only 1 person, #Azerbaijan'i Fahraddin Balaev survived, as he was lucky enough to be in the cab of a truck at the tail end of airplane. This was Armenia’s worst air catastrophe, about which only a few people within & beyond its borders know about.
Dec 11, 2022 6 tweets 2 min read
Lemkin came up with the 1st installments of the concept in the 30s based on the events in 1915 & onwards. Already in 1933 he published articles like "Les actes constituant un danger general (interétatique)consideres comme delites des droit des gens" and ⬇️
preventgenocide.org/fr/lemkin/madr… "Akte der Barbarei und des Vandalismus als delicta juris gentium", which show his first wranglings with the concept. Although he hasn’t settled on the specific term, it is clear that it predates WW2.

preventgenocide.org/de/lemkin/anwa…
Dec 11, 2022 6 tweets 3 min read
#OTD 11 Dec 1910, Matthew II Izmirlian, the Catholicos of All Armenians of #Armenia'n Apostolic Church at the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin in 1908–10, died. He succeeded Mkrtich I Khrimian (better known as Khrimian Hayrik), who reigned as Catholicos from 1892 to 1907. #History Matthew II was born in 1845 in Istanbul as Simeon Martirosi Izmirlian. He was ordained as priest in 1869 and served as the personal secretary to Patriarch Mkrtich Khrimian when the latter was still Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople in the early 1870s.
Dec 11, 2022 4 tweets 2 min read
#OTD 11 Dec 1946, due to efforts of Polish-Jewish lawyer Raphael Lemkin, who had coined the term genocide to describe Nazi policies in Europe & the #ArmenianGenocide, the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 96, which asserted that Genocide is a crime under international law 🧵 Unfortunately, life shows that the adoption of this document did not prevent
mankind from new deliberate actions of extinction, mass murders in the 20th century and the 21st following it.
Dec 10, 2022 7 tweets 4 min read
#OTD 10 Dec 2005, approx. 200 #Azerbaijan'i soldiers amassed at the Nakhichevan-Iran border to demolish the remaining grave markers at Julfa medieval #Armenia'n cemetery. It was known as the largest and the most precious repository of about 2,000 cross headstones - “khatchkars". Image The destruction of the cemetery has been widely as an act of cultural genocide. After the total destruction of the cemetery, @UNESCO included Armenian khachkars on its list of Intangible Cultural Heritage. Image
Dec 10, 2022 12 tweets 3 min read
#OTD 10 Dec 1937, Christophor Araratian, an #Armenia'n General, died in Yerevan. He was promoted to the rank of Major General of the Armenian army during its fight for independence in 1918. Araratian participated in the battles of Sardarapat & Karakilisa against Turkish invaders. Image For having fought to establish the independence of the First Republic of Armenia, in 1937 during the Great Purge of Joseph Stalin, Araratian was arrested and executed on charges of nationalism.
Dec 10, 2022 9 tweets 3 min read
#OTD 10 Dec 1991, 30 years ago, a nationwide referendum on the political future of #Artsakh was held in the Republic of Artsakh (#NagornoKarabakh Republic), as a result of which the overwhelming majority of the voters (99.89%) voted for independence.
#Armenia #History 🧵 Image The referendum was held in full compliance with the then national legislation in force, democratic procedures & norms of int'l law. All necessary conditions were created for holding a referendum on the entire territory of the Republic. 82% of the citizens took part in the voting.
Dec 9, 2022 8 tweets 2 min read
#OTD 9 Dec 1942, Gayane, an #Armenia'n ballet with music by Aram Khachaturian, was premiered. Famous parts of the ballet are the "Sabre Dance", & "Adagio", which featured in Stanley Kubrick's film 2001: A Space Odyssey & forms a basis for J. Horner's score to J. Cameron's Aliens. Image Khachaturian's original Gayane was the story of a young Armenian woman whose patriotic convictions conflict with her personal feelings on discovering her husband's treason. Later, the plot was modified several times, the resultant story emphasizing romance over nationalistic zeal
Dec 9, 2022 5 tweets 4 min read
#OTD 9 Dec 1904, Arus Asryan, an #Armenia'n actress, People's Artist of the Soviet Union, was born in Tiflis (#Tbilisi). Asrian made her acting debut in 1918 in the role of Tigranian’s opera Anush at the Tbilisi Operetta Theater. She has been awarded two orders & various medals. Image She joined the Tbilisi Armenian Drama Theater in 1923, the A. Mravian Leninakan Dramatic Theater in 1929, and the G. Sundukian Theater in Yerevan in 1940. ImageImage
Dec 9, 2022 8 tweets 5 min read
#OTD 8 Dec 1883, Hagop Oshagan, an #Armenian writer, playwright & novelist, was born in Bursa, Ottoman Emp. Among his many novels are the trilogy To One Hundred and One Years, The Harlot, and his best-known work, Remnants, which have been translated into English by G.M.Goshgarian Image Oshagan was born in 1883 as Hagop Kufejian in Soloz, a village near Bursa. Oshagan was spared the fate of many of his fellow writers and was able to elude the Turkish secret police until early 1918, when he fled from Constantinople to Bulgaria, disguised as a German officer. Image
Dec 8, 2022 56 tweets 10 min read
#ArmenianGenocide: 8 STEPS THAT LED TO THE ANNIHILATION OF A PEOPLE

In 1915-23, the first & largely unknown genocide of the 20th century occurred in Middle East. By 1923 population of Turkish-controlled #Armenia was reduced from an estimated 2 million to mere 388,000
#History 🧵 Image The rest of Armenian nation scattered around the globe – if they had managed to escape. But the rest were dead, victims of brutal oppression, death marches, massacres, disease, starvation or else ‘Turkified’- robbed of their cultural identity, abused, & forced to convert to Islam
Oct 22, 2022 4 tweets 2 min read
#OTD Oct 22, 1935 Komitas Vardapet, an Armenian priest, composer, the founder of #Armenia'n national school of music & one of the pioneers of ethnomusicology, died in a psychiatric hospital in Paris. He suffered a mental breakdown while witnessing the horrors of #ArmenianGenocide Image Komitas is widely seen as a martyr of the genocide and has been depicted as one of the main symbols of the #ArmenianGenocide in art. Along with hundreds of other Armenian intellectuals, Komitas was arrested & deported to a prison camp in April 1915 by the Ottoman government.
Sep 25, 2022 17 tweets 7 min read
Turks in #Armenia & the rise of Zakarian Dynasty (1064-1220)

Turkish bands from Central Asia, particularly the Oghuz tribe, had been slowly raiding & settling parts of Azerbaijan, northern Caucasus, southern Russia, and even northern Asia Minor since 10th century. 1/
#History 🧵 Image The Byzantine policy of weakening Armenia by removing its military forces had left the region undefended & had invited marauding Turkish groups to attack southern Armenia. Until the arrival of the Seljuks in the 11th c., there was no organized Turkish plan to conquer Armenia. 2/ Hovhannes submits to Basil ...
Sep 16, 2022 5 tweets 2 min read
#ThisDay Sep 16, 1976, #Armenia'n finswimmer, Shavarsh Karapetyan saved the lives of 20 people in the #Yerevan Lake incident, when suddenly a trolleybus crashed into it. While most watched in horror, Karapetyan sprang into action. He had one goal: save as many people as possible. The trolleybus lay at the bottom of the reservoir some 25 metres (80 ft) offshore at a depth of 10 metres (33 ft). Karapetyan swam to it and, despite conditions of almost zero visibility, due to the silt rising from the bottom, broke the back window with his legs.
Sep 16, 2022 4 tweets 2 min read
#ThisDay Sep 16, 1822, Tserents, a prominent Armenian writer, was born in Constantinople. Together with Raffi, Tserents was the founder of Armenian historical novel. Novel "Thoros of Levon" was dedicated to the tragic events in the history of #Armenia'n Kingdom of Cilicia, 12th c His best known novel, The Travails of the 9th Century, reflects the liberation struggle of the Armenian people against the Abbasid Caliphate in the 9th century. Tserents' novel Theodoros Rshtuni is about the historic struggle of the 7th century for a strong centralized state.
Sep 14, 2022 4 tweets 3 min read
#OnThisDay, September 15, 1906, Dmitriy Nalbandyan, a prominent Soviet #Armenia'n painter, People's #Artist of the USSR, member of the USSR Academy of Arts, Hero of Socialist Labor & twice winner of the Stalin Prize, was born in Tiflis (now #Tbilisi), Russian Empire. The beginning of Nalbandyan's artistic career happened to be during the 1930s, the time when active restructuring in the artistic sphere has begun, and Social Realism started to gain its momentum. He worked in the field of graphics, painted portraits, still lifes & landscapes.
Sep 14, 2022 9 tweets 5 min read
#OnThisDay Sep 15, 1918, the Ottoman Army of Islam captured #Baku. With the ethnic #Azerbaijan'i Turks at their side, they carried out a systematic massacre of the #Armenia'ns in the city, during which its estimated that 15,000 to 20,000 Armenians died.

#Turkey #ArmenianGenocide A terrible panic in Baku ensued once the Turks entered the city. The Armenians crowded the harbor in a frantic effort to escape. Regular Ottoman troops were not allowed to enter the city for 2 days, so that the local irregulars – bashibozuks – would conduct looting and pillaging.