Thread by @Doc_MD18

NMAT Review
Must Know: Chemistry [THREAD]

(Topics: Matter, Solubility, Concentration, Colligative Properties, Gas Laws, Atom, Compounds, Acids & Bases, Chemical Tests, Thermochemistry, Quantum numbers etc.)

1.Chemistry
-science that deals with the properties and composition of various forms of matter

Matter
-anything that has mass and occupies space
Mass
-amount of matter in an object
Volume
-amount of space occupied by matter

2.Properties of Matter 1/2

3.Properties of Matter 2/2

4.Chemical vs Physical Property

5.Extensive vs Intensive Property

6.Phases of Matter

7.Phase Change

8.Classification of Matter

9.Pure Substance vs Mixture

10.Elements vs Compounds vs Mixtures

11.Homogeneous vs Heterogeneous Mixtures

12.Solutions vs Colloids vs Suspension

13.Types of Colloids

14.Solubility-the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a solvent under specific conditions.
Concentration-measure of the relative amounts of the components of a solution.

Solute vs Solvent

15.Diluted vs Concentrated

16.Measures of Concentration 1/7

17.Measures of Concentration 2/7

18.Measure of Concentration 3/ 7
Moles

19.Measures of Concentration 4/7
Molarity

20.Measures of Concentration 5/ 7
Molality

21.Measure of Concentration 6/ 7
Mole Fraction

22.Measure of Concentration 7/ 7
Normality

can also be expressed as:
Normality(N) = Molarity (M) x Equivalents (eq)

23.General Solubility Rule

24.Colligative Properties of Solution
-properties of solutions that depends on the ratio of the no. of solutes to the no. of solvent molecules present in a solution
-they do not depend on the nature of the chemical species present

25.Osmotic Pressure-pressure needed to prevent osmosis, which is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane in to a region of higher solute concentrations.

26.Vapor Pressure Lowering-the addition of nonvolatile solute to a volatile solvent will diminish the escaping tendency of the solvent thereby lowering vapor pressure of the solution.

27.Boiling Point Elevation
Boiling point-the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid becomes equal to the external atmospheric pressure (1 atm=760 mmHg)

28.Freezing Point Depression
Freezing Point-the temperature at which the solid and liquid phases are in equilibrium under an external pressure of 1 atm.

29.Atomic Theory of Matter

30.Components of an atom

31.Properties of an atom
Mass number =proton + neutron
Atomic number = proton

32.Key Terms:
Isomers-Same formula but different structures
Isotopes-Same atomic numbers different mass number
Isobars-Same mass number different atomic number
Isotones-Same number of neutrons
Isoelectronic-Same number of electrons

33.Periodic Table of Elements

34.Metals, Non-Metals and Metalloids

35.Groups in the Periodic Table

36.Periodic Trends

37.Trivial info about element

38.Types of Bonds
Ionic-made up of + and – ions; metals and nonmetals; losing or gaining of electrons
Covalent/ Molecular-nonmetals; sharing of electrons

39.Empirical vs Molecular Formula

40.Intermolecular Forces
a.Electrostatic interactions-attractions between the opposing poles of dipole molecules
-dipole-dipole
-ion-dipole
-ion-induced dipole
-hydrogen bonding

b.Van Der Waal’s-sum of all attractive and repulsive forces between and within molecules

41.Ideal Gas Concept
An ideal gas is where all interactions between the molecules are only through collsions that are assumed to be elastic.

42.Gas Laws

43.Boyle’s Law-States that the pressure of a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a constant temperature.

44. Charle’s Law- states that the volume of an ideal gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temperature.

45.Gay-Lussac’s Law-states that, for a given mass and constant volume of an ideal gas, the pressure exerted on the sides of its container is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.

46.Avogadro’s Law-states that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules.

47.Combined Gas Law

48.Law of Partial Pressure

49.Law of Effusion-the rate at which gas diffuses is inversely proportional to the root of its density

50.Types of Reaction

51.Redox Reaction 1/2

52.Redox Reaction 2/2

53.Neutralization Reaction

54.Balancing Chemical Equation

55.Balancing Chemical Equation

56.Limiting and Excess Reagents

57.Enthalpy-the total energy of an object or system

58.Endothermic and Exothermic Reaction

59.Gibbs Free Energy Table

60.Reversible Reaction

61.Equilibrium-the state of reaction at which the rate of the forward reaction is the same as the rate of the reverse reaction producing a condition where the concentrations of the reactants and the products remain relatively constant.

62.Acid vs Base

63.Definition of Acids/Bases

64.Conjugates

65.First Law of Thermodynamics

66.Second Law of Thermodynamics

67.Quantum numbers

68.Quantum numbers

69.Disaccharides and their monomers

70.Common Chemical Tests 1/4

71.Common Chemical Tests 2/4

72.Common Chemical Tests 3/4

73.Common Chemical Tests 4/4

74. Types of Isomerism

75. Constitutional/Structural Isomers vs Stereoisomers

76. Cis-Trans Isomerism

77. E-Z Isomerism

E-the higher priority group are on the opposite sides
Z-the higher priority group are on the same sides

78. Hydrocarbons
-a compound of hydrogen and carbon, such as any of those which are the chief components of petroleum and natural gas

79. Aliphatic vs Aromatic Hydrocarbons

80. Saturated vs Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

81. Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes

82. Nomenclature of Alkanes

83. Reactions of Alkanes

84. Reaction of Alkenes

85. Alcohols
-hydrocarbons that contain an -OH molecule
-products of primary oxidation

86. Properties of Alcohols

87. Oxidation of Hydrocarbons

88. Carbonyl Group

Aldehyde-carbonyl group is attached to the end of the alkyl group
Ketones-carbonyl group is the attached in the middle of the alkyl group

89. Carbonyl Group

90. Aldehydes vs Ketones

91. Naming Alcohols

92. Naming Aldehydes

93. Naming Ketones

94. Carboxylic Acid
-highest oxidation state of organic compounds
-contains one or more carboxyl group

95. Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid

96. Esters and Ethers

97. Esters and Ethers

98. Naming Esters

99. Naming Ethers

100. Types of Organic Compounds

101. Organic Compounds

102. Aromatic Compounds

103. Heterocyclic Compounds

104. Naming Heterocyclic Compounds

105. Types of Monosaccharides

106. Types of Carbohydrates

107. Simple Sugars

108. Radioactive Decay

109. Types of Radioactive Decay

110. Half life

-End of Chemistry Review-

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