Thread by @Doc_MD18

NMAT Review

Must Know: Physics [Thread]

(Topics: Motion, Force, Energy, Work, Power, Thermodynamics, Electricity, Fluids, Optics etc.)

1.Seven Fundamental Quantities

2.Fundamental Quantities-do not depend on other quantities
Derived Quantities-depend on other quantities.
Scalar- Quantity having a magnitude only (ie. Distance, time, temperature)
Vector- a quantity having both magnitude and direction (ie. Displacement, velocity, acceleration)

3.Position vs Time Graph

4.Velocity vs Time Graph

5.Describing motion with graphs

6.Uniformly Accelerated Rectilinear Motion (UARM)-motion with non-zero acceleration!

Legend:
vf-final velocity
vi-initial velocity
Δx-displacement
a-acceleration
t-time

7.Free Fall Motion- is the motion of a falling body under the influence of the earth’s gravity.

acceleration due to gravity (g) – the constant acceleration of a freely falling body

Note: almost the same with UARM equations with minor changes.

8.Projectile Motion- the motion of an object thrown or projected into the air, subject to only the acceleration of gravity
Composed of:
a.Horizontal-constant velocity
b.Vertical-constant acceleration
Note:
The horizontal and vertical motions are independent of each other.

9.Uniform Circular Motion- motion of an object following a circular path while moving at a constant speed

Note:
Acceleration-constant in magnitude but changes direction
velocity-constant in magnitude but changes direction
Centripetal Acceleration-direction is towards the center

10.Force- A force is any external influence that causes a change in the state of motion of a particle or systems of particles.

11.Law of Inertia- states that, unless acted upon by an external force, an object at rest remains at rest, or if in motion, it continues to move in a straight line with constant speed.

Inertia-tendency of things to resist change in motion.

12. Law Acceleration- The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied.

F=ma

Note: Unit-Newton (N)

13.Law of Action-Reaction- For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Note: Even though action and reaction forces are equal and oppositely directed, they don’t cancel each other when they are acting on different objects.

14.Normal Force- a force that is perpendicular to the surface.

15.Friction-a force that opposes motion of the applied force.

16.Tension-the force applied on the body whose direction is away from the body and along the cord at the point of attachment.

17.Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion
1.Law of Orbits
2.Law of Areas
3.Law of Periods
Note: Kepler’s law led to the formulation of Law of Universal Gravitation by Sir Isaac Newton.

18.Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation states that every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.

19.Work-the product of the force applied on a body and the displacement it undergoes.
Note: work= positive if the F has the same direction with the d
Work=negative if the F has an opposite direction with the d
Work is 0 if the F is perpendicular to d

20.Mechanical Energy- is the sum of kinetic and potential energy in an object that is used to do work. In other words, it is energy in an object due to its motion or position, or both.

21.Potential Energy-energy associated with the position of the body in the stored state.
Symbol and Formula: PE = mgh

Kinetic Energy- Is the energy associated to particles and systems that are moving.
Symbol and Formula: KE = ½ mv2

22.Law of Conservation of Energy-energy cannot be created nor destroyed; the total energy of a system remains the same.

Conservation of ME
ME=KE+PE
ME(initial)=ME(Final)

23.Momentum- the inertia in motion; moving power of an object.
Formula: p=mv
Where:
P=momentum(Kg - m/s)
M=mass (Kg)
V=velocity (m/s)

24.Impulse-change of linear momentum.
-the product of the force and the time. It is the interval during which it acts; change in momentum.

I=FΔt

Conservation of Momentum
-if the net force acting on a system is zero, the total momentum of the system remains the same.

25.Collisions-any strong interaction between bodies that lasts as relatively short time.

Note: In any collisions, the total momentum of the system is always conserved. The total momentum equals total momentum after collision.

26.Inelastic Collision- the total kinetic energy after the collision is less than than that before the collision.

KE(total)=KE(final) – KE(initial)

*When the colliding bodies stick together and move as one body after the collision is called completely inelastic collision.

27.Elastic collision-the total kinetic energy is the same before and after the collision.

Formula: KE(initial)=KE(final)

28.Mechanical Power- The Power supplied by a force is the rate at which the force does work.

29.Fluid- is a collection of molecules that are randomly arranged and held together by weak cohesive forces and by forces exerted by the walls of a container.
- any substance that does not have definite shape and exhibits the phenomenon of flow.

30.Fluids:
Gases- expand to fill their container’s shape
Liquid- flow under the influence of gravity until they occupy the lowest possible regions of their containers
Ferrofluid- liquid which becomes strongly polarized in the presence of magnetic field

31.Density- Ratio of a material’s mass to its volume

32.Specific Gravity- The ratio of the density of the object to that of standard substance is called specific gravity. It is unit-less!

33.Pressure- Force per unit area

34.Pressure- Pressure is dependent on density and depth of the fluid.
Note: Pressure increases in depth and decreases in altitude.

35.Pascal’s Principle- Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every point in the fluid and to the walls of the container.

36.Continuity Equation- Describes the flow of a fluid through a tube with varying cross-sectional area.

37.Torricelli’s Theorem- water emerging from the hole with speed equal to the speed it would have if it dropped in free fall a distance

38.Venturi Effect- the reduction in fluid pressure that results when a fluid flows through a constricted section of pipe

39.Bernoulli’s Principle- an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy

40.Temperature-Measure of how HOT or COLD a body is
- Measure of random average translational KE of molecules of the body

41.Heat-energy transferred from one system to another because of a difference in temperature.

42.Latent Heat- the heat required to convert a solid into a liquid or vapor, or a liquid into a vapor, without change of temperature.

43.Law of Thermodynamics 1/5

Zeroth Law- If body A is in thermal equilibrium with body B, and B is in thermal equilibrium with C, then A is in Thermal equilibrium with C.

44.Law of Thermodynamics 2/5

1st law- states that energy can be converted from one form to another with the interaction of heat, work and internal energy, but it cannot be created nor destroyed, under any circumstances.

45.Law of Thermodynamics 3/5

46.Law of Thermodynamics 4/5

2nd Law-in any cyclic process the netropy will either increase or remain the same.
Entropy-measure of disorderliness of a system.

47.Law of Thermodynamics 5/5

48.Modes of Heat Transfer

49.Thermal Expansion 1/2
Note: when the temperature of an object increases, the object usually expands.
Linear Thermal Expansion- leads to expansion relationships for length, area, and volume in terms of the linear expansion coefficient .

50.Thermal Expansion 2/2
Volumetric Thermal Expansion

51.Heat Engine

52.Electricity

Ohm's Law

53.Resistor in Series

54.Resistor in Parallel

55.Capacitor

56.Dielectric-insulating/non-conducting material between the plates of the capacitor.

57.Electro Magnetic Induction

58.Equivalent Series and Parallel Connection

59. Power Wheel

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