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1150AD
gede/gedi -kenya <expanded>

settled by the bantu-speaking swahili btn the 12th and 16th cent.
gede was the innermost of the swahili cities (but weaker than its neighbors malindi and mombasa), the ruins include a five mosques, multi-roomed houses and a city wall
#historyxt
gedi, like its neighbour malindi most likely exported iron, gold and ivory among others but mostly iron which was in high demand in india

Ancient Trade Between China and East Africa
kusimba
researchgate.net/publication/32…
Beyond Commoner and Elite in Swahili Society
M Pawlowicz
researchgate.net/publication/33…

others;
The Swahili World
Stephanie Wynne-Jones, Adria LaViolette
books.google.co.ug/books/about/Th…

The Rise and Fall of Swahili States
Chapurukha Makokha Kusimba
books.google.co.ug/books/about/Th…
pate 13th cent.
pate wasn't a significant bantu-swahili settlement until the early 17th cent.
like all, it transitioned from a small village of wood and thatch dwellings to coral houses
it was frequently at war with 1/3
#historyxt

palace ruins
old town
houses
Mwenya Bunu's tomb
the neighbouring cities of siyu, lamu and -briefly- the portuguese

pouwels, Horton and recently, stephanie's works on pate island have noted that the it was rose much later than its chronicle claimed
pate produced some of the swahili best poetry in the 18th-19th century 2/3
Utendi wa Tambuka and Utendi wa Mwana Kupona

most of its history is kow from the pate chronicle a historical account mostly told by bwana kitini legitimising nabhani rule - a local swahili jamma that invented an origin myth and dominated the island for centuries
Reflections on Historiography and Pre-Nineteenth-Century History from the Pate "Chronicles"
Randall L. Pouwels
jstor.org/stable/3171975…
The Swahili:
Mark Horton, John Middleton
books.google.co.ug/books?id=z7Umq…
The Swahili World
Stephanie Wynne-Jones, A. LaViolette
books.google.co.ug/books/about/Th…
kunduchi

the medieval city founded by the bantu-speaking swahili flourished btn the 14th- 16th cent, declining then resurging briefly in the 18th cent.
most of the <houses and mosques> ruins date back to its medieval era but the tombs are largely from the 18th

#historyxt
most notable tombs are those decorated with blue chinese porcelain bowls
on one of them has the oldest swahili inscriptions; a local sultan shaf la-Hajji's father; Mwinyi Mtumaini in 1670, the site was occupied at the same time as kaole both dominated by a swahili clan called
Shomvi in the 18th century displacing earlier clan -Zaramo

The Swahili coast, 2nd to 19th centuries
Greville

Historical Archaeology of Bagamoyo
Felix Chami

Pillar Tombs and the City
Monika Baumanova

Making Identity on the Swahili Coast
books.google.co.ug/books/about/Ma…
lamu

it settled by the bantu-speaking swahili around the 10th century, mostly eclipsed by the larger cities of kilwa and mombasa, its construction styles represent the final stage in the evolution of swahili architecture

18th cent. swahili house museum
beachfront, old town
Theory in Africa, Africa in Theory: Locating Meaning in Archaeology
Front Cover
Stephanie W.J
books.google.co.ug/books?id=j5zwC…

Shanga
M. Horton
books.google.co.ug/books/about/Sh…

The Swahili
M. Horton
books.google.co.ug/books/about/Th…

The Swahili World
stephanie W.J
books.google.co.ug/books/about/Th…
chwaka, tanzania
settled in 1000AD by the swahili from the nearby tumbe commune
the city's ruins consist of four 13th cent. mosques, coral stone houses and ten stone tombs (inset)
#historyxt
its one of the earliest evidences of the shift from earthen to coral construction 1/2
tumbe was a 7th century swahili trading commune with many imported goods, it was mostly built with earthen houses and both it and chwaka had little settlement hierarchy that characterised the later swahili cities indicating this was an early phase of the swahili culture
The Urban History of a Rural Place: Swahili Archaeology on Pemba Island, Tanzania, 700-1500 AD
A. LaViolette J. Fleisher
jstor.org/stable/4064677…

A Material Culture: Consumption and Materiality on the Coast of Precolonial East Africa
Stephanie Wynne-Jones
books.google.co.ug/books/about/A_…
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isaac Samuel
@rhaplord
the 19th cent. date is for inventory not manufacture

most of the akan jewellery in western museums was acquired after the war in 1874 when the british -after a series of losses a few decades earlier- had managed to defeat the asante and looted and ransacked the capital kumasi
as such the dates range from as far back as the 15th century to as recent as the late 19th century
those made after 1900s were accurately dated since it market the start of its colonial era
but the best range would be mid-18th to early 19th when the kingdom was at its height
The History of Loot and Stolen Art: from Antiquity until the Present Day
Ivan Lindsay
books.google.co.ug/books/about/Th…
Read 3 tweets
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isaac Samuel
@rhaplord
akan jewellery, ghana

19th cent. gold rings
-one with an umbrella, stool and sword, the other with three umbrellas and two with animal motifs

-houston museum of fine arts

#randomxt
the asante were by then the only akan state on the gold coast controlling an empire covering
most of modern ghana and the ivory coast
such gold jewellery was made in the tributary state dagbon using the lost-wax method
the rings worn by both men and women, elites and commoners typically several at a time
akan gold-casting tradition originated from the "western sudan"
STUDIES IN AKAN GOLDWEIGHTS (1) THE ORIGIN OF THE GOLDWEIGHT SYSTEM
Timothy F. Garrard
jstor.org/stable/4140580…

Forests of Gold: Essays on the Akan and the Kingdom of Asante
Ivor Wilks
books.google.co.ug/books/about/Fo…
Read 3 tweets
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isaac Samuel
@rhaplord
i think its rated because -aside from racist colonial anthropology- it was the only script truly independently invented in west-africa <the bamum script's is still ambiguous> but most of the world's commonly used scripts of the mediterranean aside from egyptian and sumerian 1/3
hieroglyphs were not independently invented either so it was simply holding african written history to a standard others weren't but the real handicap to the latter wasn't invention but innovation, african writing systems weren't dispersed and innovated <improved upon>
as those on the eurasian continent
the obstacle in compiling its written history is -counter intuitively- its diversity
this challenge carries on to agriculture, complex societies and metallurgy all of which have since been proven of their independent innovation on the continent
Read 3 tweets

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WaterBluSky
@MsMariaT
@Channel4News Also recall, Christopher Wylie:

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voltagabbana
@SAGGEIDEE
La cultura propagandistica ed anti-governo delle cose sta tutta nel can-can di questi giorni su #Carola e la sua nave che ha 'sfidato (!) l'itala sovranità. Nessun accenno alla gravità del vero problema, per noi e le future generazioni: le migrazioni.
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Ken கென்
@TwitsKEN
#Kenya day 1 . Airport landing on arrival visa process , hotel check in and went to meet my wife's friend in county side . 2 hrs car drive from Nairobi .
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Stu Cvrk
@STUinSD
Thread: Did Admiral Rogers Attempt to Implicate President-elect Trump in a ‘Quid Pro Quo’?

[h/t @weaverpundit]

1. Joe DiGenova called ADM Rogers a “hero” for reporting apparent abuse of the FISA system by contractors discovered during a compliance audit:
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