a thread from someone who applied for a dozen of them in 9 years in the Middle-east & EU, and having gotten 2 EU residency permits and renewed them 6 times.
Visas are travel permits issued by the "desired to be visited" nation's consulate.
They come with variables:
# of entries (how many times you can exit & enter the country)
Length of stay (days to months to years)
Purpose (Studies, work, meetings, tourism)
It all depends on your passport.
If you're from the USA, Canada, EU, CH, Singapore, Japan, South-Korea, Commonwealth, then you can usually go to most places for business & tourism.
If you're from other places like me, tough luck, you need paperwork.
Tourism is the base, most consulates take 2-4 weeks tops to give you a response.
Photo, proof of residence, 3 month bank account check, proof of work/guarantor, hotel/contact info, flight itinerary & travel itinerary
ALWAYS use this.
Every word you say matters.