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It’s #Croctober, so that means I’ll be featuring croc-relatives using the hashtag #AtoZcrocs. Follow along this month for a deep dive into how weird croc #evolution really got.
A is for Anatosuchus, a notosuchian from the Cretaceous of Niger. It’s name means “duck-crocodile,” for it’s oddly flared snout. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

📸 Sereno and Larsson, 2009: doc.rero.ch/record/200234/… skeleton of Anatosuchus, flared snout to the left, body out to the right, missing most of its tailArtist's reconstruction of Anatosuchus in an upright posture, duck-like snout gaping to show off flared shape
Anatosuchus’ upright limb posture and funky snout might have helped it wade in the shallows and root around for small prey. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

📸 Sereno and Larsson, 2009: doc.rero.ch/record/200234/… Photographs of Anatosuchus' skull in dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, snout flares out like a duck bill, but is filled with relatively small teethLine drawing interpretation of the skull shown in similar views as the photographs, snout flares out like a duck bill, but is filled with relatively small teeth
B is for Baru, a mekosuchine #crocodile from the Oligocene and Miocene of Australia. Its name means ‘crocodile’ in the indigenous Yolngu Matha language. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

📸 @austmus / Anne Musser and Willis et al., 1989: researchgate.net/publication/32… line drawing of a Baru skull in dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, snout is broadly triangular in shapeArtist's reconstruction of Baru by Anne Musser
@austmus Mekosuchines were a weird, diverse group, including terrestrial and maybe arboreal taxa, but Baru itself seems to have been a semi-aquatic ambush predator. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

📸 Yates, 2017: peerj.com/articles/3458/ photograph and line drawing interpretation of a Baru skull in dorsal viewmap showing the presence and age of Baru fossils in different northern Australian fossil sites (Riversleigh, Bullock Creek, and Pwerte Marnte)
C is for Ceratosuchus, a ‘horned’ #alligator-relative from the Paleocene-Eocene of the western United States. The enlarged, blunt teeth in the back of its mouth suggest that it specialized in hard prey. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

📸 Bartels, 1984: jstor.org/stable/1304882… the skull of Ceratosuchus in dorsal, ventral, and posterior viewimages of Ceratosuchus' jaws, showing the enlarged, bulbous teeth in the back of the mouth
Ceratosuchus’ ‘horns’ are upturned knobs on the rear corners of the flattened tops of their heads, an anatomical region called the skull table. As the name suggests, skull tables are more commonly flat. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

📸 Bartels, 1984: jstor.org/stable/1304882… different views of the upturned squamosals and enlarged lateral osteoderms which give this animal its 'horned' appearance
D is for Dakosaurus, a metriorhynchid (a group of fully marine crocs) from Europe and Central/South America. It had an oddly heavy, blunt skull for this often slender-snouted group. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils #FossilFriday

📸 Gasparini et al. 2006: tinyurl.com/yyclmz7k Photograph and line drawing interpretation of a Dakosaurus skull, emphasizing its blunt face and few, but sturdy and serrated, teeth
Dakosaurus had sturdy, serrated teeth that superficially resemble orca teeth (both in shape and wear patterns), suggesting that these Jurassic/Cretaceous crocs also ate large prey. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils #FossilFriday

📸 Young et al., 2012: tinyurl.com/yy2v5fb4 Dakosaurus partial skull showing sturdy teethclose up of teeth and where they contacted one another/their opposing jaws
Also, it's been nicknamed #Godzilla. Alas, there's no evidence it had radioactive breath, unless @MarkYoung_84 is sitting on an explosive functional morphology sequel paper.
E is for Edentosuchus, a heterodont croc from the Cretaceous of China. 'Heterodont' means that this croc had weirdly shaped teeth that differed in shape from the front of its mouth to the back. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

📸 Pol et al., 2004: sciencedirect.com/science/articl… the fragmentary skull of Edentosuchus in top, bottom, and side view, highlighting its weird teeth
How weird? Edentosuchus’ teeth were conical up front, bulbous in back, multicusped in between, & it had a big fang on its lower jaw. Complex teeth like this may be related to omnivory or even herbivory. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

📸 Pol et al., 2004: sciencedirect.com/science/articl… close up of multicusped and more bulbous teeth in Edentosuchus' jaws
F is for Ferganosuchus, a probably tomistomine (false gharial), maybe gavialoid (true gharial) from the Eocene of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

📸 Jouve et al., 2015: tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.10… phylogenetic tree of tomistomines above, map of the world showing when and how these groups dispersed through time below
Apparently Ferganosuchus is unusual among Eocene tominstomines from Asia, in that there are numerous, well-preserved specimens from this group. And I CANNOT find a single picture of them! (Can any of my fellow croc paleontologists help with that?) #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils
G is for Gavialis, a slender snouted croc known from the Pleistocene through the present day. The modern species is more commonly known as the Indian gharial, and is critically endangered. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

📸 @IUCNRedList iucnredlist.org/species/8966/1… close up of a living example of the very long, slender-snouted gavialis
@IUCNRedList Male Gavialis grow a display structure at the end of their snouts called a ghara. The bony depression under the gharas of adult males lets us know some fossil forms had this fleshy feature too. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

📸 Delfino and DeVos, 2010: tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.108… fossil examples of gavialis skulls in top and bottom views
H is for Hsisosuchus, a mid-sized crocodyliform from the Jurassic of China. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

📸 Peng and Shu 2005: ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xb… Hsisosuchus cranium and lower jaw in top, bottom, back, and side view, skull is broken into two pieces
Hsisosuchus had ziphodont dentition (their teeth are flattened and serrated), but it is not particularly closely related to other croc groups with similar teeth (like Boverisuchus, Sebecus, & Quinkana). #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

📸 Peng and Shu 2005: ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xb… line drawing of Hsisosuchus skull in the same views as the last graphic
I is for Iberosuchus, a ~2 meter long terrestrial croc from the Eocene of Europe. Most #fossils from this group are fairly incomplete, but we have enough to know it was a longer-legged runner. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs

📸 Ortega et al 1996: core.ac.uk/download/pdf/1… lower jaw fragment in lateral viewlower jaw fragment in dorsal view
Did Iberosuchus have a higher metabolism than its fellow crocs as a land-going runner? Microstructure of its leg #bones suggests probably not. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

📸 Cubo et al 2017: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.111… slices through Iberosuchus thigh bones, thin enough to allow light to pass through and show microstructuresclose ups of bone thin sections, showing internal microstructureclose ups of bone thin sections, showing internal microstructure
J is for Junggarsuchus, a small, terrestrial croc from the Jurassic of China. It has the dubious distinction of being my first repeat in #AtoZcrocs. J names aren’t that common in the croc family tree. #Croctober #fossils #FossilFriday

Clark et al, 2004: nature.com/articles/natur… skull photographs and line drawing interpretations in side, top, and back views
Junggarsuchus was a long-legged runner, and it had a reduced pinkie and a missing thumb, giving it a weird (for a croc) three-fingered hand. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils #FossilFriday

Clark et al, 2004: nature.com/articles/natur… postcrania of this species, including the trunk and highlighted sections of the shoulder and weird tridactyl hand. Modern alligator shoulder and hand are shown for comparison
K is for Kambara, another mekosuchine croc from the Eocene-Oligocene of Australia. (Why yes, I have been inspired by #2019SVP to feature more Australian crocs). #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

📸 Buchanan, 2009: tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.167… Kambara skull, mostly complete with some deformation making the skull appear slightly bent in a curve, shown in photographs and line drawingsKambara skull with half of the lower jaw preserved on top of its face, shown in photographs and line drawings
The shape of Kambara’s limbs suggest it could get around better on land than many of its relatives, but its flattened skull indicates it still spent a lot of time in the water. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

📸 Stein et al., 2012: tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.10… Kambara humerus in multiple viewsKambara humerus in multiple views
L is for Lemmysuchus, a thalattosuchian (marine croc) from the Jurassic of England and France. This species was named for Lemmy (i.e. Ian Fraser Kilmister) of the band Motörhead. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

@michela_johnson et al., 2018: academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/art… photograph and line drawing of Lemmysuchus skull in top view, showing short, narrow snout and large openings on the top of the skullphotographs and line drawings of Lemmysuchus in left and right lateral views
@michela_johnson Lemmysuchus has a slender snout, which is often associated with a small prey diet, but it also has a shorter snout & blunt, sturdy teeth suggesting it actually ate larger or harder prey types. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

@michela_johnson et al., 2018: academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/art… Lemmysuchus snouts, showing slender morphology, but also robust tooth socketsLemmysuchus teeth, which are blunter and sturdier than what you usually find in a slender snouted croc's mouth
M is for Machimosaurus, a thalattosuchian (marine croc) from the Jurassic – early Cretaceous of Europe and northern Africa. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils #NationalFossilDay

Fanti et al., 2015: sciencedirect.com/science/articl… fragmentary machimosaurus skull in top and bottom viewsMachimosaurus skull still embedded in rock, bones of the skull highlighted in different colors
One specific species, Machimosaurus rex, was huge, maybe as much as 10 meters (~33 feet) long based on estimations calculated from its skull dimensions. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils #NationalFossilDay

Fanti et al., 2015: sciencedirect.com/science/articl… size comparisons between different Machimosaurus skulls, showing M. rex as the largest, complete reconstruction of M. rex next to a diver silhouette, showing that the human is roughly the same length as the skull alone
N is for Neuquensuchus, a long-legged, long-necked croc from the Cretaceous of Argentina. Its limb proportions suggest it was a small, quick runner. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

Fiorelli and Calvo 2007: researchgate.net/profile/Lucas_… silhouette of Neunquensuchus in black with line drawings of the identified elements (neck, limbs, shoulder, hip) with pop outs showing photographs of the actual fossil materials
Neunquensuchus was found on the Universidad Nacional del Comahue campus, in Neuquén. Most convenient locality ever! (Quick, someone find me a croc #fossil on @UTKnoxville’s campus!) #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

📸 Fiorelli and Calvo 2007: researchgate.net/profile/Lucas_… Maps of South America and zooming into Argentina, showing the fossil locality with a silhouette of the animal, strat column indicates when in the Cretaceous it lived
O is for Oceanosuchus, a marine-going crocodyliform from the Cretaceous of France. It belonged to a group of crocodyliforms called pholidosaurids. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils #FossilFriday

Hua et al 2007: pubs.geoscienceworld.org/sgf/bsgf/artic… photographs of Oceanosuchus skull, assembled in top view, rostrum removed from the rest in bottom and back view, snout is fairly slender, but not as long as other members of the same groupline drawings of Oceanosuchus skull, assembled in top view, rostrum removed from the rest in bottom and back view, snout is fairly slender, but not as long as other members of the same group
Pholidosaurids like Oceanosuchus have a beak-y overbite at the front of the snout. This might have helped with maintaining tooth alignment or with resisting twisting along their slender snouts. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils #FossilFriday

Hua et al 2007: pubs.geoscienceworld.org/sgf/bsgf/artic… detailed images of the snout showing the spatulate 'beaky' end and the lower jaw, featuring where the upper and lower jaws fit together
P is for Pabwehshi, a crocodyliform with ziphodont (flattened and serrated) dentition from the Cretaceous of Pakistan. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

Wilson et al 2001: researchgate.net/profile/Philip… photographs of a fragment of the tip of a ziphodont crocodyliform snoutline drawings of a fragment of the tip of a ziphodont crocodyliform snout
During the Cretaceous, the Indian subcontinent (which included Pakistan) was a separate landmass. All of Pabwehshi’s closest relatives are found in either South America or Africa. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

📸 Scotese Paleomap Project: scotese.com paleomap of the Earth at the end of the Cretaceous, showing India's position as a separate landmass
Q is for Quinkana, another Australian croc, this one from the Oligocene – Pleistocene. A new species within Quinkana was actually described at this year’s #2019SVP. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

📸 Molnar 1982: semanticscholar.org/paper/PLEISTOC… photographs of a deep, snouted, ziphodont croc in side and top viewsphotographs of a deep, snouted, ziphodont croc in bottom and internal (showing the interior of the snout along a mid-rostral break) views
Quinkana died out in Australia around 40,000 years ago. Because people have been in Australia since ~65,000 years ago, it’s almost certain that they interacted with this large, terrestrial croc. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

📸 Dodson et al 1993: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.100… fossils and artifacts together in a site that contains Quinkana - Cuddie Springs, New South Wales
R is for Rimasuchus, a #crocodile from the Miocene of northeast Africa. Historically, it was classified as a member of Crocodylus, but we now know it is more closely related to Osteolaemus, the African dwarf croc. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

📸 Chris Brochu dorsal view of the skull of Rimasuchus
Rimasuchus means ‘rift crocodile’ after the Great Rift Valley. Turns out Rimasuchus didn’t actually live in the rift (taxonomy whoops). Those crocs really were Crocodylus (like C. thorbjarnarson here). #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

📸 Brochu 2017: sciencedirect.com/science/articl… croc skull from the east African rift valley, originally thought to be Rimasuchus
S is for Stomatosuchus, a surfboard-headed croc from the Cretaceous of Egypt. We aren’t sure, but suspect that crocs with this skull shape had a pouch under their lower jaw, kind of like a pelican. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

📸 Sereno and Larsson 2009 doc.rero.ch/record/200234/… skull and lower jaws of stomatosuchus above (head is long and wide, lower jaws are slender and u-shaped), reconstruction of complete skull below
Stomatosuchus was originally described by Stromer in 1925, but these #fossils were destroyed (alongside, more famously, the first Spinosaurus specimen) during WWII. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs

📸 Stromer 1925 publikationen.badw.de/de/008681374.p… plate from Stromer's original description, showing a nearly complete Stomatosuchus skull in the top half of the figure
T is for Tilemsisuchus, a slender-snouted crocodyliform from the Eocene of Mali. It belonged to a group of crocs called dyrosaurids who all had aquatic adaptations. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

📸 Buffetaut 1979: s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.d… Tilemsisuchus long, slender snout fragmentsTilemsisuchus skull in top, bottom, and back views with fragment of snout shown separately
Modern crocs often fight amongst themselves, and the face and jaws are a common target for bites. These Tilemsisuchus bite marks give us hints that members of this species also fought the same way. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

📸 Buffetaut 1983: link.springer.com/article/10.100… photograph and line drawing of a section of long, slender croc jaw with deep tooth marks
U is for Ultrastenos, a mekosuchine #crocodile from the Oligocene of Australia. This species had a slender snout, but also short, stubby teeth, at least in the back of its mouth. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils #FossilFriday

📸 Stein et al 2016: tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.10… line drawing of Ultrastenos, missing much of the snoutCranial elements from Ultrastenos, fragmented and disarticulated
Slender croc snouts are sometimes thought to reflect fish-heavy diets, but fish are rare where Ultrastenos was found. Given its dentition, this croc maybe ate small frogs, lizards & snakes. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils #FossilFriday

📸 Stein et al 2016: tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.10… Ultrastenos lower jaw fragmentsUltrastenos postcranial material, including vertebrae, osteoderms, and long bones
V is for Vectisuchus, a goniopholidid crocodyliform from the Cretaceous of England. It had a relatively slender snout and large, rectangular osteoderms (bony armor in the skin). #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

📸 @implexidens and @TetZoo: researchgate.net/publication/26… a line drawing of the snout of Vectisuchus' skull, showing its slender snout in top and bottom view
@implexidens @TetZoo Apparently when Vectisuchus was first found, there was a nearly complete skeleton in the rock, but severe weather made the outcrop where it was exposed collapse before it could all be collected. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

📸 @implexidens and @TetZoo: researchgate.net/publication/26… detailed line drawings showing a lateral view of eye and infratemporal femestra and the interlocking osteoderms of Vectisuchus
W is for Wannaganosuchus, a small-bodied (~1 meter long) #alligator relative from the Paleocene of North Dakota. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

Erickson 1982: jstor.org/stable/1304478… photographs of the Wannaganosuchus skull in top, bottom, and side viewsline drawing of Wannaganosuchus skull in top and bottom views
Wannaganosuchus has enlarged, anvil-like teeth in the back of its mouth. This kind of dentition is often associated with a durophagous (i.e. hard prey) diet. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

Erickson 1982: jstor.org/stable/1304478… lower jaw of Wannaganosuchus in pieces
X is for Xilousuchus, a sail-backed pseudosuchian from the Triassic of China. We’re pretty far out in the weeds of the croc family tree with this one, but there aren’t many X-crocs out there. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

📸 @VTechmeetsPaleo et al 2010: cambridge.org/core/journals/… cranial elements of Xilousuchus, some with teeth still in place
@VTechmeetsPaleo Xilousuchus is an early archosaur, a group that includes the common ancestor of birds and crocs and all its descendants. It’s on the croc side of the family tree, in a group called Pseudosuchia. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

@VTechmeetsPaleo et al 2010: cambridge.org/core/journals/… archosaur family tree, showing Xilousuchus on the croc lineage
Y is for Yvridiosuchus, a teleosaurid (marine croc) from the Jurassic of England and France. It’s a close relative of two other 2019 #AtoZcrocs: Lemmysuchus and Machimosaurus. #Croctober #fossils

@michela_johnson, @MarkYoung_84, and @SteveBrusatte 2019: academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/adv… slender Yvridiosuchus skull in top, bottom, and both side views, photographs on left, line drawings on right
@michela_johnson @MarkYoung_84 @SteveBrusatte Yvridiosuchus lived alongside 2 other marine crocs, & they divvied up food resources. With its sturdy teeth, Yvridiosuchus was best equipped to go after larger prey. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

@michela_johnson, @MarkYoung_84, and @SteveBrusatte 2019: academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/adv… Yvridiosuchus skull in top, bottom, and both lateral views, further details of the back of the skull, the posterior of the jaw, and a tooth, photographs on left and line drawings on right
Z is for Zosuchus, a short-snouted crocodyliform from the Cretaceous of Mongolia. This species is known from multiple specimens, which lets us learn a little about how the animal changed as it grew. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

📸 Pol and Norell 2004: bioone.org/journals/Ameri… top view of short-snouted Zosuchus skull, photograph on top, line drawing interpretation belowtop view of another specimen of Zosuchus, with more pronounced, obvious sculpturing
For example, the larger specimens of Zosuchus have sculpturing on their surfaces (the bumpy, pitted texture seen in many crocs), but the smallest skull lacks this feature. #Croctober #AtoZcrocs #fossils

📸 Pol and Norell 2004: bioone.org/journals/Ameri… smallest Zosuchus skull in top and bottom views, lacks sculpturing seen in larger specimenssmallest Zosuchus skull in left and right side views, lacks sculpturing seen in larger specimens
That's a wrap on #AtoZcrocs for 2019's #Croctober. Let me know if I snubbed anyone's favorite croc species again this year!
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