1918: The city planners gather in St. Louis for the first time after the landmark Supreme Court Buchanan decision ending explicit enforcement of racial segregation of housing and public areas. babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.8… 
The greats are all here. Harland Bartholomew didn't have to travel far. I didn't know famous segregationist Robert H. Whitten wrote up Cleveland's zoning. That's a big red flag Cleveland. Frederick Law Olmsted, father of landscape architecture is here, plus Herbert Swan from NYC.
We start with basically a promotional speech about St. Louis. Lots of references to the best-selling novel "The Crisis" which is set in Civil War St. Louis en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crisi…
Famous engineer and planner E.P. Goodrich (best known for serving as founding President of @ITEhq ) argues that city plans should be based around industrial development because money.
@ITEhq Harland Bartholomew mentions that single family "First Residence District" zoning is included in the St. Louis Comprehensive plan he has been working on but doesn't indicate why here.
@ITEhq (he explains that the next year in Chicago)
@ITEhq Reasonable definition of a Comprehensive Plan from Bartholomew "irritating delays"
@ITEhq Olmsted is not a fan of Bartholomew's minimum side setback requirements of at least three feet between houses. 16 feet or just do a row house. Anything less is a "nuisance". Bartholomew claims he didn't expect people to build the minimum.
@ITEhq Lawrence Veiller from NYC is here too and he has opinions on side setbacks for homes. He explains that the big idea here is to secure light and air since they don't have AC, air filters, smokeless heating, or cheap lightbulbs. Basically they're using empty land as a workaround.
@ITEhq S. H. Hare from nearby Kansas City takes issue with Bartholomew combining retail and industrial zones as one. Bartholomew argues only NYC separates them because it is so big. That doesn't makes sense anywhere else.
@ITEhq Next up, Robert H. Whitten who will later author Atlanta's defiant racial zoning plan wants to to talk about the importance of defending residential property values "the primary purpose" of zoning.
@ITEhq Whitten is arguing that the only way to keep housing affordable in expensive areas is to allow more intensive uses of the land where it is expensive. Coming from pre-zoning world that's common sense, but it seems radical today.
@ITEhq He lays out four methods for separating detached homes from apartments since they are "mutually antagonistic", noting that single family zoning is likely not constitutional. Race is not mentioned here.
@ITEhq Whitten thinks of these as four different approaches for separating housing types, but today all four (use, coverage, density, and lot size) are common in American cities to raise housing costs and increase automobile dependence.
@ITEhq Lawson Purdy, the property tax reformer and zoning advocate (and a brother 🔰🐈) is here and has some thoughts on how to pre-sell zoning to judges to avoid the fate of racial zoning. Beating on property values and preventing "destruction" is the key.
@ITEhq Bassett has some thoughts on selling zoning also. It's key to get middle income property owners energized and to show them how zoning will increase the value of their property. He goes on to note the success of blocking apartment construction in NYC and raising housing costs.
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA has been working on a segregation plan on the basis of race and country of origin and are concerned it may be considered unconstitutional now. Yes, Bassett shares the bad news: "probably finally decided".
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA Frederick Law Olmsted argues segregation can avoid "a pretty heavy economic burden" if it is done through "artificial barriers" in housing requirements "more or less coincident with racial divisions". Racial segregation can happen through exclusionary zoning.
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA Olmsted argues that restrictions based on number of occupants won't fly in court and cities are better off regulating the shape and size of the buildings themselves.
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA In a long and dry speech on industrial zoning, Herbert Swan argues that the purpose of industrial zoning is really tenement and "overcrowding" prevention by spreading jobs and housing out, though he argues that apartment bans will do this better.
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA Swan argues that the financial losses in property value in "certain sections" of New York from "unregulated building" have exceeded losses from fire and probably that's true for the city as a whole. Race is not mentioned directly here.
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA Bassett responds that the real "industrial" danger threatening residential and business areas is not heavy industry but stables and garages
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA Goodrich notes that the "congestion" troubles of NYC are caused by too many workers living within walking distance of work and argues that workers should live closer to factories, also anti-semitism is driving housing and factory location decisions after the "Jewish invasion"
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA Crawford argues that factory workers should also have transit options since they may have children, want a "clean town" and/or hate "foreigners" like a man he met in Detroit.
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA He goes on to endorse the use of a "park barrier" to separate worker housing and industry from "a very beautiful residential section" like in Philadelphia and "help zoning".
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA It is amazing to me how central industry is to the idea of the American city at this time. To the people writing the regulations that still rule today, the city is a support system for factories and is judged by the success of those factories and their market share.
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA Nelson Cunliff, Commissioner of Parks and Recreation in St. Louis, has some ideas on how to dispose of "blighted areas", "old fashioned but very well built residences...used as boarding houses for...our negro population"
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA Cunliff argues that these historic areas became "blighted" not because of the "undesirable people" that moved in, nor the boarding houses themselves, but high taxes that have forced higher rent commercial uses that have "of course" reduced the property value of the homes. (Huh?)
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA "First class" appears to be the code for segregated white neighborhoods in 1918. That would be "out of the question" in the area Cunliff is discussing.
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA He's proposing slum clearance on the basis of race here, referring to the "umlegung" system in Germany de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umlegung
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA Zoning will "eliminate" these "blighted" districts of African American residences.
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA Asked a question about traffic and "blight", Cunliff notes that one St. Louis street had heavy car and truck traffic which "necessitated" widening all parallel streets citywide. "Traffic has greatly increased."
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA Let's talk about "blight" in 1918 @PhiladelphiaGov with architect and planner William C. Stanton philadelphiabuildings.org/pab/app/ar_dis…
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov Really struggling to define what we're talking about. Apparently property can be valuable but still "blighted" because of "the sociological aspect". So "blight" is an area that is "not what it should be". No direct mention of race in the first three paragraphs.
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov After stumblingly arguing that maybe falling land value is related to "blight", we wander into causes. As buildings age, a "poorer class population" moves in. Slowly nice areas "degenerate" (eugenics term eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/tree/… ) into a "slum"
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov Another way for "blight" to creep in is nicer amenities becoming available elsewhere like "electric lights" "which are so tempting" that older areas are left to decline. Enter "a more undesirable class" and then we "degenerate" into a "low-class district"
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov Then there are "depreciatory improvements" like regular and elevated rail, polluting industry, and the loss of trolley car lines that can cause "depreciation" and a "depressing effect on values"
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov Stanton argues industrial and business areas hold their value well, but can still deal with "various" market changes.
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov Stanton believes "blight" can hit a "high grade residence district" (likely expensive and white) if a business moves in, causing the wealthy owners to sell low since "they can afford to sell their properties at a loss" leading to "a lower grade tenant" and "general exodus"
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov You can view this horror in Philadelphia's Old Town neighborhood at and near today's popular Interstate 95 where "old aristocratic families" have been replaced by a "foreign population, in some cases four or five families living in a building"
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov Northeast Philadelphia north of Girard Avenue is facing "the influx of a considerable number of colored people" which in this context I take to equal "blight" google.com/maps/place/E+G…
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov Wow, we went a long way without admitting what we were actually talking about when we said "blight".
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov Interesting, in 1918 "dead-end" streets are considered to be bad for property values, so the city is working to tear them down and finish the street connections to prevent "blight" which I understand to mean African American homes.
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov Fear not reader, "blight" can be prevented. First, "it is well" to prevent any homes for "workmen" since they are "flimsy" and will "degenerate" into "shacks". Presumably they do not need homes or will find them in a less discriminating place far away.
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov Want to scare off those "blight" people? Consider a "park, playground, boulevard, or recreation center" to "rapidly restore values".
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov Of course, zoning will be the key to "confirm" districts safe from "blight" preventing "invasion" and "overcrowding" to ensure they will be "protected", "assured" "light and air". "A great preventive"
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov 1918 Philadelphia is going to enormous lengths to prevent "blight" (homes for African Americans) but the private sector has done much more "in raising land values all over the city" and ensuring "the scarcity of houses"
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov The most important way for Philadelphia to prevent "blighted" African American districts will be to pass zoning, making "workmen", "apartment houses", and "colored people" "a thing of the past"
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov Interestingly no discussion is recorded on this item. I'm guessing boredom is setting in. Lots of repeated ideas here.
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov 1918 Frederick Law Olmsted (the lesser) would like to address you about "War Housing". He's had some pretty frank ideas about racial segregation so far so this might be of some interest today.
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov Just to be clear (since I was confused), this is not Frederick Law Olmsted Sr, father of Landscape Architecture like I thought. This is his son of the same name. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick….
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov The "Seminal Catastrophe" (WWI) is almost over, so Olmsted has been working to recommend a plan for new "communities" to train soldiers and make "war materials"
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov Interesting note here that the standard US army barracks design was redone by Veiller and others to spread the super flu less efficiently. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_f…
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov Apparently providing temporary war housing planning was stressful.
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov 1918: the shortage of housing in some key areas of the US is becoming a federal problem.
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov Olmsted takes housing shortages for granted, with their "overcrowding, hight rents, and human suffering" since they are "unavoidable" "for economic reasons"
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov Ah, but wartime is special, now we have to build homes since they are an "essential secondary industry" even if it is "colossal wastage".
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov Long process details on how an act to allow government war housing came to be (that act linked here) loc.gov/law/help/statu…
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov Temporary government war housing was opposed to prevent corruption and graft, to prevent creeping Socialism, and to keep "temporary" homes from ruining otherwise nice communities when they are not "destroyed" on schedule.
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov Lawson Purdy gives a wandering untitled talk arguing that war housing should be kept up after the war and managed along Georgist lines, with the revenues used to "save the babies" and other projects. (I personally think Purdy was right, but I don't think this is what happened)
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov Veiller is up, this looks like another untitled off the cuff mess. I'm noticing that the segregationists are much better prepared than the starry eyed reformers.
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov Ah, it's late and I suspect there are alcoholic beverages in the room. This may have been sabotage.
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov Veiller is excited that tenements and bunk houses won't be used for federal war housing thanks to Olmsted's work. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunkhouse
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov He is also excited about new federal guidance on smaller homes for working people that won't require leasing rooms out "to have his house 100% efficient"..."The bad consequences...we all know". I'm guessing there was a moral panic about boarders.
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov Veiller explains what Purdy couldn't get out, that war housing could be a trojan horse for a permanent utopian Georgist housing project spitting out social welfare spending, "a form of Communism" (not as scary a term in 1918) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_tax
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov Veiller goes on to lay out the essential argument against Georgist communes and eventually community land trusts, that they trade individual wealth creation for community wealth creation.
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov Excellent parting words. I may steal this. "I have been just as nasty as I know how to be in a pleasant way." Veiller drops the mic
@ITEhq @NiagaraFallsUSA @PhiladelphiaGov Purdy does not get it together to explain himself better, but he does say "It is not the Single Tax. That is too beautiful to be talked about just at this time."
