Let’s shift our focus from Spike to #Nucleocapsid protein!
A new study demonstrates that genetic mutations outside the Spike are also key components in #SARS2 continued adaptation to human infection.
1/
The #R203K-#G204R mutation is sufficient to enhance replication, fitness, & pathogenesis of #SARS2. Importantly, the R203K-G204R mutation increases #nucleocapsid phosphorylation, providing a molecular basis for these phenotypes. 2/
Notably, an analogous #alanine substitution mutant also increases #SARS2 fitness and phosphorylation, suggesting that infection is enhanced through ablation of the ancestral ‘RG’ motif. A new Preprint by @TheMenacheryLab 👇 3/
Booster effectiveness against breakthrough coronavirus infection is already waning.
The protection against infection among Pfizer booster recipients ages 60+ topped out by day 30 then fell steadily. 1/
By day 58, the #booster appeared to be providing around 40% of the maximum increased level of protection above the initial 2-dose series.
New data finds boosters are helping more than just 50+, but that the effects already appear to be decreasing. 2/
Bottom line: The case for boosters to prevent infection for all adults is now far stronger, if that is our goal. But how long that protection lasts remains unclear at best and boosters may turn out to lower the #Ro of #SARS2 only briefly. 3/
1-Vaccination reduces transmission of #Delta, but by less than #Alpha
2-Alpha: Pfizer 62%, AZ 38% reduction
Delta: Pfizer 37%, AZ 15% reduction (aOR)
3-The impact of vaccination decreased over time 1/
4-Vaccinated people with breakthrough infections were less likely to spread Covid.
5-Vaccination not only reduces the risk of becoming seriously ill from the virus, it also protects those around you. 2/
6-Contacts of vaccinated cases were less likely get Covid than contacts of unvaccinated cases.
7-Most transmission occurred in households, showing that vaccination can protect household members—including kids not yet eligible for vaccination. 3/
No doubt, #molnupiravir is touted as a ‘game changer’ as far as therapeutics against #SARS2 are concerned. But the news related to its probable #mutagenic potential comes as a dampener 1/
#rNHC, an active metabolite of #Molnupiravir, inhibits SARS2 replication in cell cultures through lethal mutagenesis, but is also mutagenic to mammalian host cells 2/
#rNHC has powerful in vitro and in vivo activity against a large number of highly pathogenic emerging RNA viruses and represents a potentially important drug for use in the current and future pandemics. 3/
What might #Covid19 look like once the pandemic is over?
With #SARS2 it’s already clear that immunity from infection wanes..it might follow..in which protection from infection erodes over time, but protection from severe disease does not. So it would behave like COMMON COLD 1/
Or it’d be like #FLU, where immunity vs. severe disease also wanes. Influenza is a more sobering analogy. It, too, causes infections throughout life, but reinfections are often more severe than those caused by the four endemic coronaviruses. 2/
So, the outlook is different if immunity against severe #COVID declines as well. In that case paradoxically, it might be best if the virus keeps infecting people frequently... Avoiding infection at all costs might not be the best strategy for vaccinated people. 3/
#Covid19 Vaccination: What do we have learned so far?
It is almost 9 months since the first Covid vaccine was injected to a UK national.
Let’s do a quick recap of the major ‘takeaways’ in next 25 tweets......................
1) Covid vaccines are highly effective against severe disease, hospitalization, & deaths in fully vaccinated individuals. Studies after studies from different countries in different continents with different vaccines have confirmed this fact
2) Vaccines have only minimal impact on infection and transmission. They are not able to halt/prevent development of a new surge. The current Covid19 vaccines are effective in preventing symptomatic COVID19 disease but fail to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection nature.com/articles/s4159…