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On the issue of use of animal manure: What is prohibited is use of human sewage (faeces) and use of raw organic manure. See 30 (1) & (2). So what is raw manure versus "other" manure and why can't we use it? Can't seem to find the govt's explanation, but here is one 👇🏾(next tweet) 
Raw manure is manure that has not been composted or that has not been properly composted (this would include fresh manure/animal faeces and aged manure). The use of raw manure vs composted manure is a food safety issue, hence why its use (and use of sewage) has been banned
Animal manure can contain disease-causing bacteria (E.coli, Salmonella, Listeria) and roundworms and tapeworms. When manure is applied to crops (esp fruit & veggies) without proper composting, it can contribute to illness in humans who eat them, hence the ban on use of raw manure
Simply piling manure without actively managing and monitoring it, or using an anaerobic system (also called 'ageing'), is not composting. Such manure is not fresh manure, but it is considered raw manure gaps.cornell.edu/educational-ma…
Composted manure has plant material added to it. Must maintain a temperature of between 55°C and 76.7°C for 3 days (enclosed system) or 15 days (windrow system), during which time composting materials must be turned a minimum of 5 times.
After these steps, the compost pile should cure for 45 days. Finished and curing compost piles should be covered in order to prevent recontamination. And keep manure in places where it can't contaminate crops (including being blown by wind) or rivers (through runoff)
Composting properly (observing stipulated time, temperatures, processes) reduces the pathogens in manure. To minimise public health risks/contamination of fresh fruit & vegetable with raw manure, farmers should use properly/fully composted manure.
If the government is really serious about this public health issue, beyond coming up with a law/ban, it should be engaging farmers on the ground on best practices. But do we have govt agricultural extension officers or will we have to wait for Shamba Shape-up to come through?
Find the full The Crops (Food Crops) Regulations 2018. 87 pages. There might be more in there that needs our attention/or to be questioned scribd.com/document/40345…
