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Last talk: Dr Tahseen Chowdhury @NHSBartsHealth about new diabetes therapies. #AGMConfUK
Diabetes worldwide 400 million and rising. Linear increase in the UK. 1:4 hospital inpatients have diabetes. Main problem is the numerous forms of end-organ diabetes damage. Independently associated with some cancer. #AGMConfUK
Diabetes causes relentless vascular injury ("small cuts").

Genetic/ethnic factors but also social deprivation are associated with DM2 risk. Societal cost >1 billion for treatment and DM complications.

Every cigarette is worth five in DM2. #AGMConfUK
Control? @NICEComms suggests individualised targets. ACCORD showed risk of harm with overdone control. HbA1c 7.5% seems to be the "sweet spot" (sorry).

Good control in the first few years, then relax targets later. #AGMConfUK
Metformin not working? What next? Many options with their own pros & cons. (Start metformin slowly. Consider MR form. Restart it if temporarily withheld for AKI.)

Sulfonylureas not great. Weight gain and hypos. Elderly get hypos. Glitazones cause oedema/CCF/fractures. #AGMConfUK
Insulin causes weight gain and hypos and need much education and monitoring.

GLP1 agonists ("gila monster venom") stimulate beta cell mass and function and help lose weight by reduced appetite. Exenatide/liraglutide etc. Oral form pending. #AGMConfUK
GLP1s restricted to BMI>35 unless weight loss would help for other reasons. Pancreatic complications less of a concern. 3% wt loss at six months.

GLP1s give cardiovascular MACE/death and renal protection. (LEADER study 2016.) #AGMConfUK
DPP4 inhibitors also effective but outcome data insufficient for CV benefit.

SGLT2is are a different story. Glycosuria and Na+ excretion but Na+ is resorbed. Caution with diuretics. GFR 45 ml/min is lower cutoff. #AGMConfUK
In one study canaglifozin was associated with minor amputations.

EMPA-REG showed empaglifozin improving CV death RR by 38% including early benefit. Independent from glucose levels - could it be BP or weight? #AGMConfUK
Canaglifozin now also shown to confer mortality benefit.

Renal outcomes with SGLT2i: less ESRD and macroalbuminuria. ACEi to be combined with glifozin?

Watch out for ketoacidosis in SGLT2i (CBG can be normal or mildly elevated). Mechanism not yet fully elucidated. #AGMConfUK
EASD/ADA 2018 guidelines encourage SGLT2i. NICE to update.

Putting diabetes in remission. Can it be done? DIRECT study 2017 showed the benefits of low calorie diet. 46% of DM in remission. Many areas are piloting this in practice. #AGMConfUK
Continuous glucose monitoring can replace fingerprick CBG and is currently only available for DM1.

Coupling CGM with an insulin pump could create a closed loop system. "Artificial pancreas" starting to show benefits but cost high. Mainly for DM1. #AGMConfUK
Newer diabetes drugs continuously coming on line. Glucagon receptor antagonists and new GLP1s/SGLT2is... #AGMConfUK
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