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Gugyeol/Nipgyeot transliteration system (구결/닙겿, 口訣) as for namu.wiki :
namu.wiki/w/%EA%B5%AC%EA…
And another table according en.wiki :
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugyeol
As for its relation with katakana 片假名/片仮名, I summarized an interesting article by Alexander Vovin in a meme (I mem-ized it?):
Using example from Korean Hangeul Museum:
hangeul.go.kr/traceHangeul/t…
Just for comparison,
This is hyangchal (향찰, 鄕札).
Gugyeol use started allegedly from Goryeo Dynasty, while Hyangchal is from Silla Dynasty:
hangeul.go.kr/traceHangeul/t…
Last but not least, this is Idu (이두, 吏讀), used from early Three Kingdoms Period to Joseon era:
hangeul.go.kr/traceHangeul/t…
A better example of Idu from kr.wiki:

蠶段陽物是乎等用良水氣乙厭却桑葉叱分喫破爲遣飮水不冬
=
蠶딴 陽物이온들쓰아 水氣을 厭却 桑葉뿐 喫破하고 飮水안들
=
(Modern)
누에는 양물이므로 물기를 싫어해 뽕잎만 먹고 물을 마시지 않는다

ko.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4…
Relation between phonetic loan characters (借字) "interpretatory reading" gugyeol (釋讀口訣), "reading by meaning" gugyeol (訓讀口訣), hyangchal (鄕札) and idu (吏讀):
contents.history.go.kr/mobile/nh/view…
About the distinction of *r and *l in hyangchal script (that could may be somehow apply to gugyeol too?):
• 尸 *L
• 乙 *R
• 盻 *(ɣÏ)R
academia.edu/33690493/Old_K…
And Old Korean text in the Mannyōshū 萬葉集:

莫鶻圖鄰之大相七兄爪渴氣

nacuh-oi tolal-in thyeta-po-[ni-ke-ca] mud-ke

nacwoh-oy tol-on thita-pwo-[ni-ke-ca] mwut-ke

When as [I] looked up to the evening moon, I asked
academia.edu/12933954/An_Ol…
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