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At least 7 teams are developing #SARSCoV2 #vaccines using a weakened / inactivated virus. Several existing vaccines are made this way, i.e. #measles & #polio #vaccine. Sinovac Biotech started to test an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 #COVID19 vaccine. #scicomm
At least 25 groups are working on viral-vector #SARSCoV2 #COVID19 #vaccines. A #virus such as #measles or #adenovirus is genetically engineered so it can produce #coronavirus #proteins in the body. These #viruses are weakened so they CANNOT cause disease.
At least 20 teams are using genetic instructions (#DNA or #RNA) for a #SARSCoV2 #coronavirus #protein that prompts an immune response. The nucleic acid is inserted into human cells, which churn out copies of the #virus protein; most encode the virus’s spike protein. #COVID19
Many researchers are working on protein-based #COVID19 #vaccines using #SARSCoV2 #coronavirus #proteins. Fragments of proteins or protein shells that mimic the coronavirus’s outer coat can also be used. #scicomm
Virus‐like particles (VLPs) known as viral “empty shells” maintain the same structural properties of the #virus, without the genome. #SARSCoV2 #COVID19 [h/t Ewen Callaway, Nature News Feature nature.com/articles/d4158…]
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#SARSCoV2 #vaccines #measles #polio #vaccine #COVID19 #scicomm #virus #adenovirus #coronavirus #proteins #viruses #DNA #RNA #protein

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Dr. Melvin Sanicas
@Vaccinologist
Some have suggested that detection of #SARSCoV2 antibodies could be a basis for an “immunity passport” / “risk-free certificate” that will enable individuals to return to work. Currently, there is no evidence those who have recovered from #COVID19 are protected from re-infection.
Immunity to a pathogen through natural infection is a multi-step process that usually takes place over 1-2 weeks. The body responds to a viral infection immediately with a non-specific innate response: macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells slow the progress of the virus.
This non-specific response is followed by an adaptive response i.e. body makes #antibodies that specifically bind to the #virus. These #antibodies are proteins called #immunoglobulins. The body also makes T-cells that recognize & eliminate other cells infected with the virus.
Read 8 tweets
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Dr. Melvin Sanicas
@Vaccinologist
A #thread on the origin of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome #coronavirus-2 #SARSCoV2, the #virus causing #COVID19. SARS-CoV-2 was identified early January 2020; genetic sequence shared publicly on 11 January. #scicomm [image 감사합니다 @IBS_media] @Virologist_11 @dirgarambe
Full genetic sequence of #SARSCoV2 from early human cases & sequences of other virus isolated from human cases from China & all over the world since then show that SARS-CoV-2 has an ecological origin in #bats.
All available evidence to date suggests that #SARSCoV2 #coronavirus has a natural animal origin and is not a manipulated or constructed virus. nature.com/articles/s4159…
Read 8 tweets
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Dr. Melvin Sanicas
@Vaccinologist
There is no evidence that the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) #vaccine protects people against #infection with #SARSCoV2 #coronavirus causing #COVID19. But, 2 #clinicaltrials addressing this question are underway. WHO does not recommend BCG vaccine for the prevention of COVID-19.
There is EXPERIMENTAL evidence from animal & human studies that #BCG #vaccine has non-specific effects on the immune system. These effects have not been well characterized; clinical relevance is unknown. WHO updated its evidence review of major scientific databases on this topic
The review yielded 3 pre-prints (before peer-review), where authors compared incidence of #COVID19 cases in countries where the #BCGvaccine is used vs. countries where it is not used & observed countries that routinely used BCG in neonates had less #COVID19 cases to date.
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