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Edith Mirante @EdithMirante
, 19 tweets, 7 min read Read on Twitter
1) This History Thread is about the Rohingya Diaspora beyond Bangladesh. Having fled severe persecution in Burma (Myanmar) to Bangladesh in 1970s-90s and more recent 21st Century genocidal attacks, Rohingyas have often risked a journey farther.
2) Rohingyas seek refuge in many countries, where security and legal status often remain elusive. This infographic map from Al Jazeera shows some refugee population estimates as of Oct. 2017.
3) In 1978 Pakistan offered legal residence to Rohingyas and thousands made their way there, followed by more refugees in 1991-93. Most ended up in slum areas around Karachi and found work in the fishing industry.
thenational.ae/world/asia/roh…
4) #Stateless: The Rohingya community in Pakistan was not granted citizenship and has remained mired in poverty for subsequent generations. Rohingya women and children have been victims of human trafficking. Work, education, healthcare access very limited. cnn.com/2017/09/11/asi…
5) Numerous Rohingya refugees reached Saudi Arabia in 1970s-90s from Bangladesh and Pakistan w. forged documents or old Burma passports. Many got work and a crowded but safe place to live near Mecca in Al Nakasa (slum area demolished in 2014) or Jarwal.
arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/n…
6) Some more recent Rohingya refugees who arrived in Saudi Arabia have been detained and confined for long periods of time in poor conditions as illegal immigrants. They face imminent deportation to Bangladesh.
tinyurl.com/yaftcjv7
7) Other Middle East destinations for Rohingyas have included United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Jordan, Egypt. As residents of the UAE Rohingyas have found safety, employment and sometimes even prosperity, particularly in the Emirates of Sharjah and Ajman.
8) Many of the Rohingyas of UAE have been able to focus on educational opportunities for their children, cultural preservation and charity efforts for the less fortunate refugees in Bangladesh camps.
gulfnews.com/going-out/soci…
9) As a neighbor of Bangladesh, India has been a stopover or destination for many Rohingyas (and other refugees from western Burma/Myanmar.) Although granted UNHCR refugee status Rohingyas remain impoverished and vulnerable in India. indianexpress.com/article/india/…
10) Since 2017 Rohingyas have been made political/religious scapegoats in India, especially in Kashmir & Jammu. They are threatened with mass deportation. In Oct. 2018 seven Rohingya men were deported to Myanmar (refoulement.)
voanews.com/a/india-ignore…
11) A few hundred Rohingya refugees made a long journey to relative safety in Nepal. Construction work is available and Rohingya children are allowed in Nepal’s schools. But the Rohingyas are isolated by lack of legal status/protection. nepalitimes.com/here-now/livin…
12) Thailand has had seasonal arrivals of Rohingya refugees by sea, mostly in attempted transit to Malaysia. Thai traffickers are involved in this often violently abusive trade. Thai authorities have pushed back refugee boats. fortifyrights.org/publication-20…
13) As a Muslim-majority country w. employment opportunities Malaysia has been a destination for over 150k Rohingyas who braved the dangerous sea passage. While lacking legal protection, they work hard to start new lives, educate their children. aljazeera.com/news/2017/11/m…
14) Indonesia, like most countries where Rohingyas have fled, is not signatory to UN Refugee Convention, so official protection is lacking. A stateless “limbo” becomes the norm for Rohingya refugees.
reuters.com/article/us-mig…
15) While Australia may have appeared a potential safe haven it was instead a nightmare for Rohingyas apprehended arriving by sea. They were sent to dwell in miserable conditions on the islands of Manus (Papua New Guinea) and Nauru. Not all survived. theguardian.com/australia-news…
16) Very small percentage of Rohingya refugees ever achieve legal 3rd country resettlement. In Europe largest community of resettled Rohingyas is in Bradford, United Kingdom. There they are able to advocate for Rohingyas in Myanmar and Bangladesh camps. theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/d…
17) USA is currently admitting few refugees, but some Rohingyas still arriving via Malaysia or Manus. Canada has pledged to accept more. In North America one of the largest Rohingya communities is in Chicago, adjusting to their challenging new environment. chicago.suntimes.com/news/myanmar-c…
18) Scattered across the world by persecution in their Burma/Myanmar homeland, Rohingyas have proved adaptable, resilient. They have sought education for their children and used their resources to raise international awareness and support for their people. telegraphindia.com/culture/people…
19/19) Links to my previous History Threads and 3 decades of reports on Burma/Myanmar including Rohingya-related topics can be found at projectmaje.org
(photo, Rohingya father & daughters at Portland Oregon rally, Sept. 24, 2017)
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1. This History Thread is about the #indigenous people of India’s #Andaman Islands known as #Sentinelese because they live on North Sentinel Island. Their names for themselves, their island are unknown to the outside world.
2. India’s Andaman Islands are an extension of a Burma/Myanmar mountain range in the Bay of Bengal separated from the mainland when sea levels rose post Ice Age. North Sentinel is to the west of the chain.
3. DNA analysis shows current indigenous peoples inhabited the Andaman Islands for about 18,000 years. Their DNA relates to mainland India’s Pauri Bhuiya and Munda peoples. Languages mostly unique to islands, some links to India mainland and Malaysia. journals.plos.org/plosone/articl…
Read 14 tweets
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1. This History Thread is background on the small-scale Rohingya armed resistance pre-2016. Rohingyas also resisted oppression by Burma (Myanmar) govt/military in nonviolent ways incl. information gathering, legal/political representation and lobbying for human rights support.
2. During WWII most Rohingyas of Arakan (now called Rakhine St.) supported the British. This resulted in extreme violence between Buddhist Rakhines and Rohingyas during Japanese occupation. Many Rohingyas thought the British would reward them with their own state at Independence.
3. They didn't. Mujahid began in northern Arakan in 1947, fought for their own state. Although opposed by many Rohingyas they gained widespread control in north. Eventually suppressed by large-scale Burmese military operations in 1951-54, the last Mujahideen surrendered in 1961.
Read 13 tweets
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History thread: 1. In 1991 I photographed Rohingya refugees fleeing Arakan (Rakhine) Burma (Myanmar.) Wrote 1st published story about them:
2. As it is now, 91-92 persecution of Rohingyas was framed as Burma military counterinsurgency against a small rebel force (RSO.)
3. Big diff: students incl. Rakhine in Sittwe protested Burma military violence against Rohingyas. Ethnic groups had worked together in ’88.
Read 9 tweets

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When U’re pursuing a worthwhile goal, it’s almost inevitable that at some point you'll think 1/more of these:
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FG'S ACTIONS ON COMMUNAL CONFLICTS
#thread
1) Few months past, Nigeria endured a continuation of the 30+ yrs of Perennial herdsmen/farming community clashes.
Some of the notable actions @MBuhari has taken are presented below starting with a historical linkage with the more recent
2)... incidences of the violence:

-2013, No fewer than 9 cases of herdsmen attacks were recorded in Benue State alone, with more than 190 people killed.

-2014, no fewer than 16 recorded attacks, in Benue, which claimed more than 230 victims.
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Read 20 tweets
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FG'S ACTIONS ON COMMUNAL CONFLICTS
#thread
Few months past,Nigeria endured a continuation of the 30+perennial herdsmen/farming community clashes. Some of the notable actions @MBuhari has taken are presented below starting with a historical linkage with the more recent incidences
of the violence.
-2013 no fewer than 9 cases of herdsmen attacks were recorded in Benue State alone, with more than 190 people killed.
-2014 there were no fewer than 16 recorded attacks, in Benue, which claimed more than 230 victims.
-Between January and May 2015, 6 attacks left more than 300 people dead, again in Benue State alone.
Read 21 tweets
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A quick, angry #history thread about Room 40 because apparently historians are still making shit up about its location. Last year Barry Gough wrote that it was "in a quiet wing of the Old Admiralty Building". 1/
Those windows outlined in green? That's Room 40. Where the blue lines are? That's the Board Room. @thehistoryguy should know, he's been filmed in it, but still talked rubbish about Room 40. The red lines? The Chief of the Staff's office. In orange? The war room. 2/
The light blue lines are where the Director of Intelligence Division (later DNI)'s office was (he later moved next door). Pink is Alfred Ewing's office where the codebreaking effort began. Dark blue is where the First Sea Lord moved his office later in the war. 3/
Read 13 tweets
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A short thread about 'doing' #History, and a glimpse of what I am working on.

#Burma #Myanmar #SOE #Force136 #WW2 #SWW
Step 1: Read translated interview
'After the battle, our company and the Chinese company were ordered to defend the Mawchi road and the Officer-in-Charge was Capt. Thompson of the Bengal Rifles. Jemedar Pan Mya and 16 soldiers were captured fighting the Japanese at Paletwa.'
Step 2: Check out Capt. Thompson
Thompson was not Bengal Rifles, he was 1st Battalion Burma Rifles. Translator or interviewee error? Not to worry. Error found.
Read 12 tweets
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Thread #Rohingyas :Biggest community of 100,000 in Pakistan.Vastly impoverished they are denied legal status & jobs nytimes.com/2017/09/12/wor…
A 2009 report from #MSF on the systemic violence against #Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh msf.ca/en/article/ban…
#Rohingyas fleeing to Thailand, Malaysia & Indonesia are subject to rape, extortion, murder & humantrafficking google.co.in/amp/amp.timein…
Read 28 tweets

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