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About to watch my lab mate, Avery Meeker, present on the effects of recreation on occupancy of tundra birds! Live tweeting commence! #aos19ak 
Waaaay more people in the park than in past due to higher accessibility
Lots of birds do poorly (especially shorebirds) with more pressure from recreation
Main sources of recreation related stress: energetic stress (flushing from nests due to hikers/cars) increased predation pressure, among others
Reminder: people can only access park via park busses. Most people don’t get off the bus outside of viewpoint stops. The park has increased the number and frequency of buses. $$$
We have great data on where people go in park and how (busses, backcountry hiking). SO, project surveyed near and far from these areas to compare occupancy by birds.
Birds like horned lark amd Lapland longspurs move away from the road. But sparrows, warblers and ptarmigans have higher occupancy near road. Species of concern tho like long-tailed jaegers and American golden plovers move away from recreation
So how does the road actually effect? Main things seem to be noise+regularly scheduled busses leads to patterns of flushing and disturbance. Predators and hikers also use the roads.
Hikers, especially open country and social trail hikers, have important impacts because nesting birds perceive them as predators.
Management implications: no trails on tundra or make access seasonal (no early breeding season). Educate tourists about their effects.
