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#Masaya volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in Nicaragua. With a very active past, there is now a lava lake in the Santiago crater.

More about Masaya at @SmithsonianGVP: volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn…
The active #Masaya crater formed in 1858-59. It's now the site of vigorous degassing incl. SO2 (sulfur dioxide) & the ~1000°C lava lake. You can see older lava flows in the crater wall.

More: volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn…

More on SO2 & temp by @tompering: eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/142721/1/feart…
There is a very thick gas plume rising from the #Masaya lava lake. This high SO2 content can be hazardous for breathing and for eyes.

Photos courtesy of INETER (Boletín Sismos y Volcanes de Nicaragua, via: volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn…

More on SO2 (table): ivhhn.org/information/in…
Lava lakes like at #Masaya are molten-freaking-rock.
This video of the past Kilauea summit lava lake shows the convection at the edge. This hot melty death rock comes to the surface from over 60 km below Kilauea, & just sits there as a lake.
Video: volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/movies/mov…
The surface cools to form thin more-solid black rock & the convection underneath pulls it apart, kinda like plate tectonics. This Kilauea video shows this nicely.
Video from here: volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/movies/mov…
If piping-hot lava and stinging hot gases weren't enough, another danger at lava lakes is explosions ejecting hot lava and gas into the air. This one at Kilauea in 2016 was because of a rockfall into the lava.
Video from here: volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/movies/mov…
Magma has A LOT of gas in it. We see so much gas coming out of #Masaya because at lower pressures - at the surface - the gas can escape from the liquid. Just like when you open a bottle of beer (or soda). You can see the gas in this Kilauea video.
Video: volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/movies/mov…
Here is a video of the convection in the old Kilauea Halema‘uma‘u lava lake as seen by a thermal camera (White-Yellow is hotter). This lava lake is about 160 m (520 ft) across.
This is at 30 times normal speed.
Video: volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/movies/mov…
Volcanic gases are no freaking joke. I've choked briefly walking through it. They corrode metal & degrade other materials. This example from @AlisonGraetting is at #Masaya in 2008. To learn more about volcanic gases go here: ivhhn.org/information/he…
@AlisonGraetting This video of the old Halema‘uma‘u lava lake shows how thick gas plumes at lava lakes can get - you can't see the other side of the crater! It also zooms in to some spattering along the margin.
Video from here: volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/movies/mov…
@AlisonGraetting Want to see what happens when rocks fall into a lava lake (with sound!)? It can trigger an explosive response & can occur without warning. It's like shaking a beer & taking the cap off - the gases explosively eject lava and rock.
Kilauea video: volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/movies/mov…
#Masaya
@AlisonGraetting There are currently 7 or 8 Lava lakes in the world. Compared to 40-50 active volcanoes on any day this makes them pretty rare. A crazy thing about them is they are the top of the magma system at the surface!

Kilauea video: volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/movies/mov…
This is weird. They have to cycle through fresh, hot, gassy magma rising from below, & the cooler, degassed stuff sinks. This leaves a relatively constant lake level (with some variation).
Until something happens like draining or overflow.

Kilauea video: volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/movies/mov…
Another weird & wonderful aspect of lava lakes is when they drain, like at Kilauea in 2018. This left a ~356 m (1168 ft) deep cylindrical hole. That lava has to go somewhere. Or magma. I can't keep up with the term at this point.

Kilauea video: volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/movies/mov…
Sound on: the loud sounds in this video are due to the vent walls cracking due to the rock heating and expanding, and some due to rocks hitting the lava lake surface. The rocks can explode out of the walls!

Kilauea video: volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/movies/mov…
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Dr Janine Krippner
@janinekrippner
Thread:
Official report - Recent Developments with #Agung Activities (1 December 2017 21:00 WITA) via @id_magma
(Translated using Google, clarified/edited by me): magma.vsi.esdm.go.id/press/view.php…
1/n * Monitoring Data Analysis *
-Visual-
After undergoing a volcanic earthquake swarm over the period Sept-Oct 2017, finally on 21 November 2017 at 17:05 WITA the phase of eruption of Mount Agung evolved to produce volcanic ash as high as 700 m above the peak.
2/n After the eruption, the next eruption occurred again on November 25, 2017 at 17:20 WITA with an ash plume height of 1500 m above the peak. On 26 and 27 November 2017 eruptions occurred with the ash column height reaching 3000 m above the peak.
Read 24 tweets
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Dr Janine Krippner
@janinekrippner
Thread: @BNPB_Indonesia #Agung update by @Sutopo_BNPB
Magmatic eruption of Agung continues with ash plume heights to 2,500 - 3,000 m above the volcano.
facebook.com/HumasBNPB/post…
Incandescence from lava is visible in the crater at night. Tremor is continuous. Alert level remains at IV, the highest level.
PVMBG continues to record increasing volcanic activity. The potential for a larger eruption is increasing.
However, the intensity and timing cannot be predicted with certainty. Estimating the future character of the eruption of Agung tends to be more difficult than other volcanoes due to the absence of instrumental data from previous eruptions for comparison.
Read 11 tweets
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Dr Janine Krippner
@janinekrippner
Thread: Increased Status of #Agung, Bali From Level Ill (SIAGA) to Level IV (AWAS) by @id_magma magma.vsi.esdm.go.id/press/view.php…
(translated using Google, translations corrected by me)
#Agung experienced inflation before the phreatic eruption of November 21, 2017 and inflation is also still recorded by a tiltmeter installed 4 km from the peak of Agung in the South. This indicates sufficiently strong pressure towards the surface.
Measurements of gas after the phreatic eruption on November 21, 2017 show that magmatic gases like C02 and S02 are consistently observed. This indicates that the pathway for the magma has opened so that gases can come out more easily.
Read 35 tweets

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Dr Sarah Taber
@SarahTaber_bww
can't believe we haven't talked about Madame Pattirini yet
if you are by chance thinking "Hmm, where have I seen that face before,"

you might have seen it on this guy, e.g. Brigham Young.

Madame Pattirini was B. Morris Young, son of Brigham Young's, drag stage name.
From what I understand, Madame Pattirini was a regular feature at Mormon social functions anytime B. Morris Young was in Utah & not running around the world proselytizing

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Kristin Mink
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This is a thread to lift up lesser-known orgs doing amazing immigration rights work. Please follow them, donate, fundraise! Add to list in comments!
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Andy Frassetto
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THREAD: Regarding the #RidgeCrestearthquake and #Coso #volcano there has been a lot of concern, mostly from misinformation broadcast by non-geologists, that the #earthquake sequence near #Ridgecrest, CA means an imminent eruption from the Coso Volcanic Field or was caused by it.
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ℝ𝕖𝕕ℙ𝕚𝕝𝕝𝕖𝕕ℕ𝕒𝕥𝕚𝕧𝕖
@RedPilledNative
QDrops July 2019

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Welcome Back Q: Edition

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Welcome back Q! Nice to see you!

Buckle up Buttercups... it’s stormy out there.

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Armond Ray Erickson
@ArmonRaE
@DrDenaGrayson @VP @jaketapper In the U.S. at least, air pollution is down since 1992 for every single pollutant the EPA measures. And our CO2 emissions are down since the mid-1990s, yet #ClimateCatastrophists claim NONE of that improvement has slowed global, or U.S. #ClimateChange.
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