(a) there are more of them online
(b) they engage with other candidates more
(c) they use toxic language more
All these factors would contribute to making BFs' toxicity more visible. 3/
The data: replies to tweets from candidates between 1/27 to 2/28, pre-Super Tuesday. There are periods of dropped/missing data, but no reason to think these introduce significant bias 7/
@PeteButtigieg and @amyklobuchar, but sadly no @joebiden due to a data collection error. More (recent) data with Biden is coming soon -- it’s showing similar trends re: Bernie supporters. 8/
Perspective API, w/ threshold of toxicity score>0.7 to determine a toxic tweet. To be counted, a tweet has to be tweeted by a user we identified as supporting another candidate. 15% of the tweets were classified. 10/
yiqing-hua.com/papers/adversa…
yiqing-hua.com/papers/adversa…
18/
20/20 (hey that was a coincidence)