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isaac Samuel
@rhaplord
, 3 tweets, 2 min read Read on Twitter
bornu horsemen 1920s

#archivesxt

bornu was the one state of the "african knights" most dependent on its 50-100,000 strong cavalry, creating the first truly trans saharan empire stretching from libya to nigeria with armour typically consisting of chain-mail, steel/iron 1/2
helmets, with both men and horses fully covered in quilted cotton (lifidi) and brass swords (takoba)

primarily to protect their virtual trade monopoly in salt and natron in the sahel mined by the tubu (most were located in the desert) and re-export of leather from hausaland 2/2
also to remove the fezzani-berber intermediaries from the tunis route and fend off tuareg attacks

The Horse in West African History
R. Law
books.google.com.ph/books/about/Th…

The African Knights: The Armies of Sokoto, Bornu, and Bagirmi in the 19th cent.
C. Cairns
books.google.com.ph/books/about/Th…
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isaac Samuel
@rhaplord
two sides of the same coin

brazil and US were trying to solve their "negro problem" one by whitewashing/branqueamento (more like assimilation than integration) and the other by segregation (exclusion)
i was reading this excellent book on portugal's colonial legacy in angola esp on its so-called egalitarian form of racial assimilation called Lusotropicalism

alot of it had to do with the gender ratio between the (white) male colonists and (white) female settlers,
basically, more (white) female settlers eliminated the need for the (white) male colonists to partner with the (non-white) female natives, reducing the mestizo popn and imposing more segregative laws on both the latter and the former

cc; Angola under the portuguese
G. J, Bender
Read 3 tweets
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isaac Samuel
@rhaplord
kano, old town
Walter Mittelholzer 1930

#historyxt
#archivesxt

the tenth century hausa city grew in the 15/16th century under songhai till it became the commercial capital of west africa in the 19th century
surrounded by a 30ft high wall <like zinder's>, the city ... 1/3
imported textiles (yoruba), linen (egypt), kola nuts (asante), gunpowder and paper (europeans), exporting everything from leather products < like sandals, saddles, book covers, the so-called moroccan leather> to dyed cloths, swords and other weaponry
supplanting trade rivals 2/3
katsina and timbuktu

reading;
Government in Kano, 1350-1950
Michael Garfield Smith
books.google.co.ug/books/about/Go…

Economic history of West Africa
Gabriel Ogundeji Ogunremi, E. K. Faluyi
books.google.co.ug/books/about/Ec…

travels of
Heinrich Barth, Dixon Denham, Hugh Clapperton, Walter Oudney
Read 3 tweets
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isaac Samuel
@rhaplord
Taleh fort complex 1910-1915
sanaag, somaliland

the fort complex served as the capital of somali anti-colonial rebel; Mohammed Abdullah Hassan -leader of the dervish state

the fort was bombed by the british in 1919 one of the earliest incidents of aerial bombardment
#archivesxt
mohammed hassan, then called mad mullah was the leader of one of africa's long-lasting colonial armed rebellions from 1899-1920 and is revered in somalia today

recent photos

reading
a tribute to captain A. Gibb
britishempire.co.uk/article/taleh.…
Churchill and the Mad Mullah of Somaliland: Betrayal and Redemption 1899-1921

Roy Irons
books.google.co.ug/books/about/Ch…
Read 3 tweets

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Oded Berkowitz
@Oded121351
#Libya- so apparently the FGM-148 Javelins that were found at #Garyan belonged to....#France
nytimes.com/2019/07/09/wor…
1/
Wait, it gets more complicated. The weapons were meant to "protect French troops in Libya", but also "damaged and no longer usable" and "awaiting destruction".

Well, which one is it?
2/
If it's non-usable & awaiting destruction, what the hell were the Javelins doing in Garyan, which had little to no significance prior to Tripoli campaign (and therefore had no reason to house French troops)?
3/
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iuventa10
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#iuventaLog

Two years ago today, we were patrolling in the Central Mediterranean, the deadliest border of the world. We didn't know it yet, but we were spied on by an undercover cop. Now we risk 20 years in prison. This is what really happened on 18 June 2017:

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2017-06-18
[04:00]

Handover on the bridge of the #IUVENTA, the new night watch takes over. Captain Dariush is still fast asleep, getting some rest before this first day of the mission. Today, some things will happen that will affect him for years to come.
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mean girl regina
@mikaylaonline
I had an abortion when I was 19. It wasn’t traumatic or particularly interesting. I just didn’t have any money. My partner wasn’t someone I could parent with. I wanted to finish school. I wouldn’t have been a very good mother.
I found out I was pregnant at 5 weeks which is incredibly uncommon. I hadn’t gotten my period and somehow I knew it wasn’t coming. I called my partner to tell him I had already decided I was having an abortion. He said,”Is there any way you can just go today?” So he was a moron.
But he was a moron with $600 and I went to the clinic all by myself. In Texas, the abortion process takes three days, so I had to miss work. The first day is a consultation. You get bloodwork, an ultrasound, and a counseling session.
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Julia Serano
@JuliaSerano
a periodic reminder that I have a Patreon if you wish to support my work & writings. for as little as $1 per month! at higher pledge levels, you may be eligible for rewards, such as free eBooks or signed copies of any of my previous books... patreon.com/juliaserano/ov…
Patreon is basically what allows me to write pieces that most mainstream news & media outlets wouldn't allow me to publish – for example, my latest: Origins of "Social Contagion" and "Rapid Onset Gender Dysphoria" juliaserano.blogspot.com/2019/02/origin… #trans #transgender #LGBTQ
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Sally Hayden
@sallyhayd
It seems an independent auditor came to Abu Salim today looking into UN activities. The guards told detainees in advance not to mention that they haven't been fed for months (some of their families are sending them money to buy food with instead, which guards take a cut from).
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Sally Hayden
@sallyhayd
For the last 24 hours I've been texting & calling with refugees in Libya. 500 are apparently stuck in a Tripoli prison w/o food & water after heavy fighting broke out two days ago. They say their guards ran away, leaving them alone.
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Oh the phone earlier I could hear children crying & what sounded like bombing in the distance. The refugees say everyone's incredibly frightened. "We hear machine guns, tanks, big bombs, last night from the roof it was all fire."
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