1/ Below is the @crypto_voices 2019 Q4 release on the global monetary base. This is the economically comparable money supply with Bitcoin's 21 million. #Bitcoin is currently the 🔥9th largest money in the world, ex-gold & silver. For more, follow on below. This is installment #7. 
2/ Gold & silver is base money of the past. Government fiat is base money today. It comprises both physical cash… and a digital cash component. Bitcoin may be base money of the future. Before we get to the charts, it's important to clarify a few common misconceptions in money.
3/ The first is everyone looking to value Bitcoin always jumps to the "narrow" or "broad" money supplies (M1/M2/M3). This is incorrect. The reason is those money supplies represent "claims" on something else. What is that something else? Answer: the base money supply.
4/ Fiat base money today includes both physical (notes & coins) and digital (bank reserves at the central bank) components. Think of the digital part as the "account" each bank holds with its central bank. This & only this money supply compares economically with 21 million BTC.
5/ Another mistake that's often made when comparing bitcoins to the analog monetary world is looking at a simple chart like US M1, or Eurozone M2. Besides again being incorrect on the M1/M2/M3 comparison, this method is inadequate because Bitcoin is global, and those... are not.
6/ We can't simply look at one or two nation states' base money supplies to gauge any kind of market depth. The sample must be global. We've done that here, tracking the top 30 floating currencies in the world. This is how the real, global fiat base money supply looks since 1970.
7/ This top 30 base money sample in fact covers 95% of global GDP, 115 countries, and 66 currencies. Why? The euro is one reason. The other is these countries/currencies either use one of these floating top 30 directly, or are legally pegged or fixed to one via currency board.
8/ More on the above image. The "ordering" of this graph is by GDP per currency bloc. Two major shifts happened in 2019. The first is that India's GDP is now larger than the UK's; therefore, both the INR and GBP base monies are now listed (even though the pound remains larger).
9/ The 2nd & bigger shift is China. In 2019 China's GDP surpassed that of the Eurozone nations (note China's not larger than the EU in total, just EU countries that use the euro). Therefore, in both GDP and size of its base, China's yuan will now be ordered just after the dollar.
10/ Let's look again at the global base money supply curve since 1970, but this time see how the split shakes out between physical versus digital base money. Note how bank reserves (the digital printing press) drastically increased its overall % from the 2008 financial slide.
11/ And for the current breakdown of each country's printing press - of the top 30 monetary bases - how much of each currency is physical, and how much of each is digital… that chart is here.
12/ Final point on fiat money. The monetary base is in fact a graph of the money monopoly today; meaning, it is the source of the printing press, and only central banks control this. If you're curious where to find it, the answer is simple: the balance sheet of each central bank!
13/ Now let's look at gold. Central banks still hold gold, but it no longer acts as basic money. A few points coming on this, but everyone should still understand the global gold supply in both its native market unit (ounces), and in today's unit of account (US dollars).
14/ Still on gold, here's a chart you don't see everyday. It's central bank gold holdings vs. their monetary bases. For those that still view gold as a market money, then any fiat money central banks can print above their gold holdings is - by definition - seigniorage.
15/ True, many emerging market central banks are net buyers of gold these days. But actually central banks hold less gold collectively than in 1965. Notice how high the proportion of gold reserves-to-issued base money was in 1980 (both valued in US$). Today, it's only 7%.
16/ In other words, central banks collectively have issued $18 trillion in base money *above* the value of their gold holdings (again, both marked to market in USD). This is an important fact that has implications for central bank money printing, for gold, and for bitcoin.
17/ What is that implication? So far, the money monopoly "works" for central banks, and for their governments. It's virtually costless: fiat has proven to be nearly "unconstrained" by the market value of gold. Some claim CBs manipulate the gold price; we won't address that here.
18/ As for bitcoin, if and when it becomes large enough to be on that chart, and/ or held by central banks, then and only then will we have any idea as to what bitcoin "costs" central banks. For now, bitcoin "costs" central banks nothing in seigniorage; it's a rounding error.
19/ Now silver. It's true, 50%+ of silver demand today is industrial, not remotely monetary. But silver was base money well before gold. 50 billion ounces of the stuff has been mined throughout humanity, and it's worth it to scan its supply curve. Since 1970, this is silver.
20/ And finally #Bitcoin. Bitcoins are limited by the protocol to an eventual 21 million in supply by the year 2141. Bitcoins may circulate as base money of the future. Here is its global supply, both in native units (bitcoins), and in today's unit of account (US dollars).
21/ And now we'll put them altogether - global fiat, gold, silver, and bitcoin - today. Without further commentary, note that the #Bitcoin system is now the 9th largest money in the world, and the 11th largest money include gold & silver.
22/ In this order, these basic monies are larger than bitcoin in value: yen (1), yuan (2), euro (3), dollar (4), sterling (5), franc (6), rupee (7), ruble (8), then #bitcoin, ranked 9th. If you count gold and silver, then bitcoin is ranked 11th. 11 years of history.
23/ For a broader and historical ranking of this in table format, for the entirety of Bitcoin's history since 2009, that information is here.
24/ Now for the main event of this analysis: Inflation. Inflation today means "price increases." It's usually measured by the central bank and usually wrong. There is no way all prices can ever be measured in a simple index. The input variables are changed all the time to boot.
25/ When we analyze inflation, we are using the classical definition, which is "monetary inflation." In other words, "money growth," or "money production." Understanding this rate of increase can be very helpful when trying to understand money.
26/ Inflation is quite an important metric when it comes to money. Monetary growth inflation reflects scarcity. But to be clear... ✋The charts that follow have nothing to do with price growth or prices at all.🤚
27/ Let's jump right to the summary this time. This is the last 12 mos. of all base money growth. Remember, this is "unit" growth. % changes in dollars, euros, or yen, ounces of gold, or bitcoins. Maybe the results are surprising. The US hasn't printed money in 5 years, on net.
28/ Before compound growth however, one quick note. The USD value of the monetary base in Q3 2019 was $18.8 trillion. 3 months later it's 💸$1 trillion more💸 in basic money seigniorage printed. OK, now onto compound annual growth…
29/ Compound annual growth is an extremely important metric. It's "stronger" than a simple, annual rate (cryptovoices.com/compound-retur…). We can use this rate to understand investment returns, or long-term trends like population growth. We can also derive doubling time from this figure.
30/ So let's start with the compound annual growth rates for the global monetary base since 1970. 50 years of data. About half the countries' data goes back this far. For the rest, % displayed is since their start date. For bitcoin, the start date is Jan-2009.
31/ Doubling time also helps. From compound growth %, we can determine exactly how long it takes for an asset's supply to double. Here is the exact same chart as just shown, since 1970 (and since 2009 in Bitcoin's case), but displaying doubling time instead of compound growth.
32/ It should be clear why gold and silver arose as past base money. 'Twas difficult to inflate them, and thus with low inflation rates they had long supply-doubling times (scarcity). Fiat base money has typically been much quicker to double. Bitcoin... needs more explanation.
33/ These next 2 charts will make it easier to understand how Bitcoin's supply works. From 2009 until now, yes, 50 bitcoins grew to 18.2 million. That's a 67% compound annual growth rate, or doubling every 1.4 years. But, from now until 2141… that's when things get interesting.
34/ Notice how the supply of bitcoins will only grow at 0.1% per year, or double every *580 years*. And it gets even more unique, as the Bitcoin protocol won't allow that doubling to happen, as it's supply will cap at 21 million in 2141. No money in history has worked like this.
35/ To clarify, this is the long-term compounding of past, present, & possibly future base money, since 1970:
Gold: 1.8% (39 yr-doubling)
Silver: 1.5% (48 yr-doubling)
US$: 8.2% (8.8 yr-doubling)
Global fiat: 12.3% (6 yr-doubling)
50 BTC (2009) to 21 million BTC (2141): 10.4%
Gold: 1.8% (39 yr-doubling)
Silver: 1.5% (48 yr-doubling)
US$: 8.2% (8.8 yr-doubling)
Global fiat: 12.3% (6 yr-doubling)
50 BTC (2009) to 21 million BTC (2141): 10.4%
36/ Let's look back at a 50 year time series again, this time w/ inflation rates. Here is the total global fiat base money inflation rate, weighted averaged by each currency's US$ equivalent. Notice it matches the overall 12.3% CAGR / 6 year doubling time we've already seen.
37/ Quick note on prior slide. What happened in 1999? People were taking cash out like mad before Y2K. Interesting to note, 2018 and 2019's inflation rates are in fact the lowest rates of growth of basic money ever, besides 1999. And we should say a few more words on this…
38/ For all 2019, central banks were actually on track to *deflate* their currencies. This would have been a first in the modern fiat era. So interestingly, no matter "why" one argues for money printing, 2019 still did finish off with positive inflation, weighted at 1.4%.
39/ Here's gold. Same concept. Notice again the overall series compounding will match the summaries we've already seen. Gold's rate of growth has, in fact, been around 1.8% per annum for the last 170 years.
40/ And here's silver. Same deal.
41/ And now Bitcoin. Remember why the overall compound growth, thus far, is so high, and why it will never be that high again. And now is about the time for a clarification note on the Bitcoin system's compound annual growth rate, specifically.
42/ Notice the phrase "supply issuance" for Bitcoin's chart titles, and not "inflation." Bitcoin's "inflation," economically, is already baked in. Everyone knows its max supply. As already demonstrated, its growth rate is known until 2141, per the protocol.
43/ So when it comes to bitcoins, "inflation" is not the best term. "Coin issuance" is more apropos, as its overall supply is fixed and known. As our first podcast guest @GeorgeSelgin said, "We know it's 21 million, and that's that." This is uniquely unlike fiat, or even gold!
44/ Alright. Now that we've seen all the data, let's finally take a quick detour to some price chat, because even though I told you none of the above covers prices, I know you're thinking about how all of this monetary inflation has affected or will affect prices.
45/ Milton Friedman said, "Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon." He meant price inflation (not graphed above) always and everywhere follows money inflation (very much graphed above).
46/ The rub is it is impossible to predict how and when price inflation will happen. Impossible to predict. Hyperinflations (of prices) or otherwise. The best we can do is measure the money supply and its growth, as we've done here.
47/ But we can say this: If the supply of base money increases, and if there is no or a lesser increase in the demand for that money, then ceteris paribus, prices will rise. Ceteris paribus, a growing base money supply will always undermine that money's purchasing power.
48/ These are some of the reasons why the market chose hard money like gold & silver. Always emergent in human action, unless there is monopoly intervention (fiat), the market will decide the best money. If aliens in a one-off whisked away our gold, we'd choose the next best...
49/ A few notes before the final summary. Almost done! Remember these are the top 30 currencies in the world over the past 50 years. Zimbabwe & Belarus don't make the cut; as their monetary base is so tiny, their hyperinflations would barely move the needle on what's presented.
50/ For the euro, its accounting creation began in 1999, and it started circulating in 2002. The ECB estimates a physical currency stock back to 1980. So from 1980 until 1999, we do use this physical currency for euro base money inflation, and then add in bank reserves from 1999.
51/ To be absolutely clear on the global fiat blended inflation rate: it's calculated using a weighted factor of each country's base money supply, based on how large their US$ equivalent actually is, during that month. This weight evolves as more currencies are added.
52/ Only about 15 currencies (ex-euro) are included back to 1970. For those that don't, they didn't factor into that period. For example, the US dollar's weight itself was 63% of the pie in 1970, and only 18% today, as (among others), data on China begins only in Dec-1999.
53/ Regarding compound annual growth rates: they're always calculated from monthly fiat unit growth, then compounded to annual (to the 12th exponent). This is necessary due to cases like Brazil and Argentina, which had 6 and 4 different currencies respectively, since 1970 alone.
54/ Continuing, a compound annual growth rate from a 1970 currency to 2019 currency doesn't make sense for Brazil. So the *monthly* rate must be taken across time and then compounded, ignoring those 6 months when the central bank reset (slashed zeroes) from the old currency.
55/ And finally, the mechanics of this method (compounding monthly growth rates to annual) were of course repeated across gold, silver, and bitcoin's supply curves, for consistency.
56/ Remember that we already established how all bank accounts: checking, savings, time deposits, etc. are all "claims" on base money? Here is that breakdown over time. State/base money (economically comparable w/ bitcoin), vs. bank claims (economically incomparable w/ bitcoin).
57/ The above chart may surprise you. Most people don't know what base money even is (economically or not), let alone how much it comprises the global money supply (including bank claims). Well now we have it, and base money has as large a share of total money as ever.
58/ Also, just because we show these money supply curves, it's not a prediction on where bitcoin's market cap is going, nor do we suggest it *stops* there. The important thing to remember is that bitcoin is not a claim (like M1-M3), so it cannot economically equate to bank money.
59/ Again. This exercise is not a prediction of bitcoin going to $20 trillion in value, nor *stopping* at that number. Why would the base vs. bank money split % remain static? Lightning, for example, is a "middle ground" money that doesn't even exist in the monetary world today.
60/ On our podcast @crypto_voices, @fernandoulrich and I explore the varying economic nuances of Bitcoin as a contender for the global monetary base, for global money.
61/ To sum up, this graphic includes all items. Print it out if you like. The base money of 115 nations is reflected inside the top 30 currencies, and it summarizes gold, silver, and the supply of bitcoins. It is a supply-side summary of essentially all base money in the world.
62/ Head over to cryptovoices.com/basemoney or basemoney.world to learn more. Fiat base money is sourced from central bank balance sheets, wonderful gold and silver history from Nick Laird, and bitcoin from @coinmetrics and @CoinMarketCap.
63/ These penultimate graphics illustrate how Bitcoin's supply (US$ equivalent) compares across all other basic monies, past and present. Bitcoin sits at ~1%. The #RealBitcoinDominanceIndex.
64/ And finally, one might be curious as to what price it will take for #bitcoin to surpass each nation's monetary base value (including the gold and silver cap). Again with the definite caveat that these are calculations, not predictions… that chart is here.
65/ More to come in the future. We do want to keep working on this topic. Would emphasize any sats you might spare to contribute will help keep up the research and are very much appreciated! 35iDYDYqRdN2x6KGcpdV2W1Hy3AjGje9oL
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