Thread by @benstill

5 Boron B, named after the mineral borax which the element was first extracted from using electrolysis by British Chemist Humphry Davy who called it boracium. The -on suffix came later by analogy with carbon. #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

6 Carbon C, named from Latin for coal: carbo. Late 18th Century French scientists demonstrated graphite, charcoal & diamond made of same element naming it carbone, 1st listed by Antoine Lavoisier in famous 1789 chemistry textbook. #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

7 Nitrogen N, confusion in 16th C led to natron (sodium carbonate) & saltpeter (potassium nitrate) both being named nitre in French. French chemist Jean-Antoine Chaptal named the new gas nitrogene, -gène, producing from Greek -γενής #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

8 Oxygen O, named by French Chemist Antoine Lavoisier in 1777 from the Greek ὀξύς oxys for acid (literally sharp) and -gène, producing from Greek -γενής as it was incorrectly though that oxygen was required in composing an acid #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

9 Fluorine F, minerals containing the element given Latin name fluores from fluor, to flow, by German metallurgist Georgius Agricola 1529, they lower the temperature required to melt metals. -ine prefix added to match other halogens. #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

10 Neon Ne, discovered in June 1898 London by William Ramsay & Morris W. Travers & immediately recognized as a new element from distinctive yellow light it emits. Named from the Greek νέος neos meaning new, suggested by Ramsay's son #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

11 Sodium Na, symbol from Latin natrium, which refers to the Egyptian natron, sodium carbonate used as cleaning product. Name from Arabic Suda meaning headache as sodium salts were often taken as a pain killer, named by Humphry Davy #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

12 Magnesium Mg, two minerals, one white one black, important in glass coloring came from Magnesia region of modern Greece. Metal extracted through electrolysis from the white mineral by Humphry Davy in 1808 originally named magnium. #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

13 Aluminium Al, from mineral alum from alumen, a Latin word meaning bitter salt. Originally named aluminum by English chemist Humphry Davy it was changed to match the -ium convention of others close to it in the periodic table. #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

14 Silicon Si, mineral silica from Latin silex for flint. Named silicium by Humphry Davy 1808 -ium as he thought it a metal. Scottish chemist Thomas Thomson 1817 changed the -on suffix as he thought it a non-metal like C & Si #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

15 Phosphorus P, from ancient Greek φῶς phos for light & φέρω phero for carry. 1st element ever discovered Hennig Brand 1669 glows white in dark & burns bright, first named phosphorus mirabilis (miraculous light-bearer) #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

16 Sulfur S, from Latin sulpur known since antiquity as found in many forms in Nature. 14C Anglo-French sulphre 19C English British standardized as sulphur and sulfur in US @IUPAC adopted sulfur in 1990 #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

17 Chlorine Cl, from the Greek χλωρός khloros for light-green. Named by Humphry Davy after the colour of the noxiuos gas which he recognized as an element in 1808 after discovery by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1774. #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

18 Argon Ar, from the Greek ἀργός meaning lazy because of its lack of chemical activity. First noble gas isolated from air in 1894 by Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay, suspected to exist Henry Cavendish 1785. Symbol used to A. #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

19 Potassium K, from word potash as salts of element extracted in solution from ash of burnt plants. Symbol from kali name for saltwort, named from Arabic القَلْيَه al-qalyah meaning plant ashes which also gives word alkali #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

20 Calcium Ca, compound lime used for building and plaster since prehistory Roman's heated limestone to produce calx, Roman for lime & root of name. Discovered Humphry Davy by electrolysis, 5th most common element in Earth's crust #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

21 Scandium Sc, from the Latin for Scandinavia Scandia. Discovered in oxide by Swedish chemist Lars Fredrik Nilson 1879, pure metal extracted 1937 electrolysis. Element predicted ekaboron by father of periodic table Dmitri Mendeleev #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

22 Titanium Ti, named after the titans of Greek mythology by Prussian chemist Martin Klaproth 1795 after naming of U although discovered by British vicar-geologist William Gregor 1791. Pure metal extracted 1910 heating TiCl₄ with Na #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

23 Vanadium V, old Norse Vanadis AKA Norse goddess Freyja 🇸🇪 chemist Nils Gabriel Sefström as only name starting V. Disc. 🇪🇸-🇲🇽 mineralogist Andrés Manuel del Río 1801 named it panchromium Greek: παγχρώμιο b/c of coloured salts #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

24 Chromium Cr, named Greek word χρῶμα, chrōma colour because compounds are very vibrant in colour. Discovered in red mineral crocoite PbCrO₄ 🇫🇷 chemist Louis Nicolas Vauquelin 1797. Compounds used for pigments and dyes. #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

25 Manganese Mn, two minerals, one white one black, important in glass coloring came from Magnesia region of modern Greece. Metal extracted by reducing manganesum MnO₂ with carbon. Discovered 🇸🇪 chemist
Carl Wilhelm Scheele 1774 #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

26 Iron Fe, known since prehistory. Symbol from Latin ferrum which gives name in romantic langs & may have come from Etruscan originally. Name from red rust with roots in Greek ἔαρ éar meaning blood, leading to Middle English iren. #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

27 Cobalt Co, from German kobold meaning 'goblin' a term used by miners for ore of the metal who thought they would yield Cu or Ni from smelting & instead produced a powder CoO. Additional 'evil' notoriety from arsenic by-product #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

28 Nickel Ni, when a red ore thought to contain Cu yielded none German miners blamed mythological sprite Nickel naming the ore Kupfernickel, Kupfer = copper. Used in alloys since prehistory isolated 1751 🇸🇪 Axel Fredrik Cronstedt #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

29 Copper Cu, Romans sourced the metal from Cyprus and so named it aes (metal) Cyprium which later became cuprum which is the root of the symbol. The latin became coper in Old English, kupfer in German leading to the modern name. #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

30 Zinc Zn, used in alloys since 3rd century BCE name is most likely from German for prong, zinke, given by 🇨🇭 alchemist Paracelsus (Theophrastus von Hohenheim). Isolated 🇩🇪 chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf 1746 #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

31 Gallium Ga, from Latin Gallia meaning Gaul by 🇫🇷 chemist and discoverer Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran 1875 after his country, also maybe after himself as Le Coq is French for rooster, gallus in Latin. Mendeleev's eka-aluminium #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

32 Germanium Ge, Mendeleev's eka-silicon. Discovered 🇩🇪German chemist Clemens Winkler 1886 originally named neptunium after discovery of Neptune 1884 but that was in running for another element so named it after his country instead #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

33 Arsenic As, known since ancient times Greek named the yellow allotrope of the element ἀρσενικόν arsenikón influenced by ἀρσενικός arsenikós meaning potent maybe because heating it makes strong garlic smelling As₂O₃ #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

34 Selenium Se, discovered and named by discovered in 1817 by 🇸🇪 chemist extraordinaire Jöns Jacob Berzelius from Ancient Greek for Moon σελήνη selḗnē as it had similarities to recently discovered Tellurium named after the Earth #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

35 Bromine Br, from Ancient Greek βρῶμος bromos meaning stench because of its sharp foul smell. Discovered independently by 🇩🇪 Carl Jacob Löwig 1825 from spring water and 🇫🇷 Antoine Jérôme Balard 1826 from ash of burnt seaweed #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

36 Krypton Kr, discovered in 🇬🇧 1898 by Scotsman Sir William Ramsay and Englishman Morris Travers as residue of air left after most had evaporated. They named it from Ancient Greek κρυπτός kryptos meaning the hidden one #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

37 Rubidium Rb, discovered 1861 by 🇩🇪 chemists Robert Bunsen (of burner fame) and Gustav Kirchhoff, it gave a distinct deep red spectrum of light when heated which also led to the name from the Latin rubidus meaning deep red. #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

38 Strontium Sr, the only element to be named after a place in 🇬🇧 taking its name from the small Scottish town of Strontian as the element was discovered in an ore from the lead mines called strontianite #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

39 Yttrium Y, 1of4 elements named after village of Ytterby in Sweden. New mineral named ytterbite 1787 🇸🇪Carl Axel Arrhenius, oxide extracted 🇫🇮Johan Gadolin 1789 named yttria, element extracted 1828 🇩🇪Friedrich Wöhler #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

40 Zirconium Zr, minerals mentioned in biblical writing including red zircon from Arabic زَرْقُون zarqūn meaning bright red. Not known to contain new element until 1789 🇩🇪Martin Heinrich Klaproth named element Zirkonerde (zirconia) #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

41 Niobium Nb, named after Niobe from Greek mythology daughter of Tantulus because of remarkable similarity to Tantalum. Formerly called columbium after Nb containing mineral columbite, itself named after Christopher Columbus #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

42 Molybdenum Mo, similar to graphite ore molybdenite from Ancient Greek Μόλυβδος molybdos for lead as confused for lead ore. 1778 🇸🇪Carl Wilhelm Scheele identified it as containing a new element, isolated 1781🇸🇪Peter Jacob Hjelm #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

43 Technetium Tc, lightest element whose isotopes all radioactive. 1st element to be artificially synthesized 1937 by 🇮🇹Carlo Perrier & Emilio Segrè, hence name form Greek τεχνητός technitos for artificial. Mendeleev's ekamanganese #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

44 Ruthenium Ru, named after the Latin for Russia Ruthenia by discoverer 🇷🇺🇩🇪Karl Ernst Claus 1844. Almost discovered 1827 🇩🇪Gottfried Osann, also named it ruthenium as hints were found in ores from the Ural mountains in Russia #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

45 Rhodium Rh, from Ancient Greek ῥόδον rhódon meaning rose after pink colour of its hydrated chlorine salts produced during extraction using aqua regia (1:3 nitric-hydrochloric acid mix) 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿William Hyde Wollaston 1803 #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

46 Palladium Pa, discovered & named 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿William Hyde Wollaston 1803 after Asteroid Pallas discovered 1802 🇩🇪Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers, named from Ancient Greek: Παλλάς pallas an alternate name for goddess Athena #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

47 Silver Ag, from old English seolfer the word is of unknown origin, possibly Akkadian ṣurpum from ṣarāpum meaning to smelt. Takes symbol from Latin name of metal argentum also meaning white money, reference to its white colour. #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

48 Cadmium Cd, name from zinc ore in which the metal was first discovered 1817🇩🇪Friedrich Stromeyer & Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann. Ore named cadmia in Greek καδμεία after first Greek hero Κάδμος Cadmus, the founder of Thebes #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

49 Indium In, discovered using spectroscopy 1873🇩🇪Ferdinand Reich & Hieronymous Theodor Richter because of a distinctive blue colour emitted. Named after colour indigo which comes from the Latin indicum, word for Indian colour dyes #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

50 Tin Sn, possibly from ancestor of Cornish language name stean, supply mainly from region in 1st centuries AD. Name became zinn in Germanic langs but stannum in Latin, name AG-Pb alloy but made name for tin from 4c AD - root symbol #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

51 Antimony Sb, many theories inc. popular one from Greek ἀντίμοναχός anti-monachos - monk killer, ref. to the poisonous nature of element & monks work as early alchemists. Symbol from Latin stibium from element cont. ore stibnite #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

52 Tellurium Te, first isolated and named by 🇩🇪Martin Heinrich Klaproth 1798 from the Latin word for the Earth, tellus. Often found in ores with Au, Colorado town Telluride named, thought to sit atop lots of such ore, it didn't #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

53 Iodine I, solid sublimes in standard conditions to form a violet gas named iode 1813 🇫🇷Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac from Greek ἰώδης iodes, violet, after discovery 1811 🇫🇷Bernard Courtois. #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

54 Xenon Xe, discovered in September 1898 🇬🇧William Ramsay & Morris Travers in the residue of air after they discovered Kr and Ne, name from Greek ξένος xenos meaning foreign/strange. #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

55 Caesium Cs, another element discovered 🇩🇪Robert Bunsen & Gustav Kirchhoff 1860 name from Latin caesius meaning sky-blue because of the colour of light emitted in flame tests. Cesium in the US #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

56 Barium Ba, heaviest of the non-radioactive alkaline earth metals name from Greek βαρύς barys meaning heavy. 🇸🇪🇩🇪Carl Scheele identified element in barite ore not isolated until 1808 🇬🇧Sir Humphry Davy using electrolysis #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

57 Lanthanum La, from Ancient Greek λανθάνω lanthánō meaning to escape (someones) notice because it lay hidden in ores of other rare earth metals. Discovered & named 🇸🇪Carl Gustav Mosander 1839 pure metal not extracted until 1923 #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

58 Cerium Ce, named 1803 🇸🇪Jöns Jakob Berzelius & Wilhelm Hisinger after the dwarf planet Ceres discovered 1801 itself named after the Roman god of agriculture. Also identified 1803 🇩🇪Martin Heinrich Klaproth in oxide ceria #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

59 Praseodymium Pr, 1839-43 ceria separated into 2 oxides 🇸🇪Carl Gustaf Mosander 1 was La₂O₃ other, didymium from Greek didymos δίδυμος for twin, mixture of oxides including one green in colour - green prasinos πράσινος in Greek #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

60 Neodymium Nd, separated from oxide mix didymium which contains lathanide elements 1885 🇦🇹Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach, takes root of its name from the Greek neos νέος for new which is added to -dymium from didymium lit. new-twin #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

61 Promethium Pm, disc. 1945 @ORNL in U fission products in Manhattan Project. Name 🇺🇸Grace Mary Coryell wife of a discoverer after witnessing a-bomb from Greek Titan Prometheus who stole fire from Mount Olympus & gave to humans #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

62 Samarium Sm, first element named after a person but indirectly. 🇷🇺 mining official Colonel Vassili Samarsky-Bykhovets named mineral samarskite after himself 🇫🇷Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran disc. Sm 1879 naming after mineral #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

63 Europium Eu, disc. 1896 isolation 1901 🇫🇷Eugène-Anatole Demarçay who suspected samples of recently discovered Sm to contain other new elements, he named it after the continent Europe. Observed by florescence Europium compounds #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

64 Gadolinium Gd, 🇫🇮Johan Gadolin discovered yttrium but also lent his name to the mineral gadolinite within which 🇨🇭Jean Charles de Marignac 1880 discovered the oxide element using spectroscopy and named it after the mineral. #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

65 Terbium Tb, 1/4 elements named after the small town of Ytterby🇸🇪 skepticism over the existence of erbium and terbia saw 1843 discoverer 🇸🇪Carl Gustaf Mosander's names for the elements switched by 🇨🇭Marc Delafontaine 1864 #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

66 Dysprosium Dy,1879🇨🇭Per Theodor Cleve disc. new element in erbia naming it holmia, was impure, separated into 2 elements 🇫🇷François Lecoq de Boisbaudran 1886 holmia & dysprosia from Greek δυσπροσιτος dysprositos-hard to obtain #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

67 Holmium Ho, 🇨🇭Per Theodor Cleve extracted 2 substances from erbia 1 green (thulia) and 1 brown he named holmia from Latin name for his hometown Stockholm, despite also being a mixture of elements the name stuck for element 67 #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

68 Erbium Er, extracted from yttria 1843🇨🇭Carl Gustav Mosander, existence denied 🇸🇪Nils Johan Berlin 1860 who gave name to Mosander's terbium 1878 disc. 🇨🇭Marc Delafontaine followed Berlin & name stuck. Named after Ytterby🇸🇪 #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

69 Thulium Tm, Alongside holmia laer Ho 1879🇨🇭Per Theodor Cleve also isolated a second substance which he name thulia and element thulium after Thule Greek name for a place located farthest north assoc. with Scandinavia or Iceland #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

70 Ytterbium Y, 1878🇨🇭Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac extracts sample rare earths from gadolinite naming it ytterbia after village of Ytterby🇸🇪 where mineral found, split into 2 earths 1907🇫🇷Georges Urbain yttria and lutecia #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

71 Lutetium Lu, 🇫🇷1907 Georges Urbain, disc. 2 new earths Y & one he named lutecium from Latin for Paris Lutetia Parisorum, sp. changed 1949. Disc. challenged 🇦🇹Carl Auer von Welsbach who chose name cassiopeium after Cassiopeia #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

72 HAfnium Hf, predicted 1869 Dmitri Mendeleev not disc. until 1922 🇳🇱Dirk Coster and 🇭🇺George de Hevesy who named it after Latin for Copenhagen Hafnia where they were working. Last radioactively stable element to be discovered. #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

73 Tantalum Ta, disc. 1802 🇸🇪Anders Ekeberg naming after Greek demigod Tantalus after death punished water and fruit held out of reach. "...allusion to its incapacity, when immersed in acid, to absorb any and be saturated." -Ekberg #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

74 Tungsten W, tung sten meaning heavy stone old Swedish name for mineral wolframite (symbol) named 1546🇩🇪Georg Agricola German trans. Latin lupis spuma, wolf froth as large amount of Sn 'eaten' during extraction. Wolfram alt. name #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

75 Rhenium Re, from river Rhine named 1925 by trio of 🇩🇪Chemists correctly I.D. element 75 yet discovery 1919🇯🇵Masataka Ogawa who mistakenly thought disc. element 43 naming nipponium from 日本 nihon, Japan but actually element 75 #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

76 Osmium Os, insoluble black residue from dissolving Pt in aqua regia reacted w. NaOH 1803🇬🇧Smithson Tennant obtaining yellow sol., after acid added OsO₄ distilled. Name from Greek osme, smell due to smoky smell of volatile OsO₄ #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

77 Iridium Ir, disc. 1803🇬🇧Smithson Tennant among insoluble residues from platinum ores he named it after Greek goddess Iris personification of the rainbow because of the fantastically colourful array of salts made by the element #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

78 Platinum Pt, Conquistadors discovered a silvery metal which could not be smelted in South America, throwing it away as they thought it an impurity in Au and inferior to Ag. Name of element from Spanish platino for little silver #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

79 Gold Au, many names for yellow metal used since prehistory. Name from Germanic gelwa for yellow itself from sanskrit jval ज्वल् to shine. Symbol Latin for yellow aurum, from Sanskrit for yellow हरि hari. The yellow shining metal. #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

80 Mercury Hg, name from planet Mercury, associated with the metal by alchemists in antiquity. Originally known in many languages as liquid silver, Greek ΰδραργυρος hydrargyros hydro (water) & argyros (silver) gives us the symbol #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

81 Thallium Tl, discovered 1861 🇬🇧William Crookes because of its distinctive green light emission (spectrum) when heated in a flame. Crookes gave it the name from Greek θαλλός thallós meaning a green shoot or twig #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

82 Lead Pb, ancient metal name from Irish luaide unknown origin, possibly from Celtic loud for reddish describing the colour of Pb₃O₄ or Celtic louadia from p dropped from Latin for the metal plumbum which is the root of the symbol #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

83 Bismuth Bi, ancient metal unknown etymology, possibly from German Wismuth itself from weiße Masse for white mass or from Arabic bi-ithmīd for like-antimony as it was often mistaken for Sb and also Pb. #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

84 Polonium Po, discovered 1898 from its strong radioactivityby wife and husband 🇵🇱Marie Skłodowska Curie and her husband 🇫🇷Pierre Curie when extracted from Uranium ore. Marie named element after her homeland Poland #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

85 Astatine At, discovered 1940🇺🇸Dale R. Corson,🇺🇸Kenneth Ross MacKenzie,🇮🇹Emilio Segrè created isotope ¹¹¹At bombarding Bi with α-particles. Name from Greek αστατος astatos meaning restless or unstable as it has no stable isotopes. #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

86 Radon Rn, radioactive gases seen emanating from Th/Ra 1899 & Ac 1906 named Thoron, Radon & Actinon. Spectrum of light emitted showed gases to be noble gas & all isotopes of same element. Isotopes numbered not named - Radon stuck #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

87 Francium Fr, last element discovered in Nature 1939🇫🇷Marguerite Perey ²²⁷Ac decayed to beta emitting isotope first named Actinium-K. Catium from cation suggested but named after 🇫🇷 instead as English speakers might think of 🐱 #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

88 Radium Ra, name given to many isotopes as much more radioactive than U Latin radius for ray stuck to element that was discovered 1899🇵🇱Marie Skłodowska Curie & 🇫🇷Pierre Curie, distinguished from Po as its chemistry similar to Ba. #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

89 Actinium Ac, 1899🇫🇷André-Louis Debierne extracted new radioactive substance from pitchblende naming after Greek for ray ακτις aktis. Element isolated 1902🇩🇪Fritz Giesel who's name of Emanium as it emmanted radiation was overlooked #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

90 Thorium Th, 1815🇸🇪Jöns Jakob Berzelius mistook YPO₄ for new element name from Norse God of thunder, Thor. 1819 Reverend Hans Esmark found black mineral ThSiO₄, Berzelius extracted oxide of true new element & named it Thoria 1829 #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

91 Protactinium Pa, disc. 1913🇵🇱Kasimir Fajans &🇩🇪Otto Göhring @KITKarlsruhe unstable, named brevium as existed briefly. More stable isotope disc. 1918🇩🇪Otto Hahn & Lise Meitner name from Greek πρωτος prōtos, first & Ac it decays to #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

92 Uranium U, disc. 1789🇩🇪Martin Heinrich Klaproth in pitchblende ores. Wanted to name Klaprothium after himself but "until a better name was found" named it after last planet discovered Uranus from Latin version Greek God of the sky #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

93 Neptunium Np, first synthesized 1940 🇺🇸Edwin M. McMillan and Philip Abelson @BerkeleyLab named after planet Neptune, itself named from Roman God of the sea, as the planet follows Uranus so Np follows U. #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

94 Plutonium Pu, following the planets named after planet Pluto, from Πλουτων ploutōn the Greek god of the underworld. First prepared 1940/41 @BerkeleyLab 🇺🇸Glenn T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, Joseph W. Kennedy, & Arthur C. Wahl #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

95 Americium Am, first synthesized 1944-45🇺🇸Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. (Tom) Morgan, & Albert Ghiorso at the metallurgical lab @UChicago Named after continent of America as element similar to Eu #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language nature.com/articles/nchem…

96 Curium Cm, First prepared in 1944🇺🇸Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, and Albert Ghiorso at the metallurgical lab @UChicago by bombarding alpha particles into Pu. Named after Marie Curie as similar to Gd also named after a person #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

97 Berkelium Bk, prepared 1949🇺🇸Stanley G. Thompson, Albert Ghiorso, & Glenn T. Seaborg @BerkeleyLab by firing alpha particles at Am target. Named after @CityofBerkeley as chemically similar to Tb which is named after town Ytterby #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

98 Californium Cf, prepared 1950🇺🇸Stanley G. Thompson, Kenneth Street, Jr., Albert Ghiorso & Glenn T. Seaborg by bombarding Cm with alpha particles at @BerkeleyLab and named after the state of California in which the lab resides. #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

99 Einsteinium Es, first extracted by groups working at @BerkeleyLab @UCBerkeley @LosAlamosNatLab & @argonne from debris of thermonuclear explosion "Mike" at Eniwetok Atoll in the Pacific ocean 1952 named after Albert Einstein #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

100 Fermium Fm, extracted from same debris as Es @BerkeleyLab @UCBerkeley @LosAlamosNatLab & @argonne 1952 & named after Enrico Fermi, choice unintentionally prescient as last element possible by neutron capture, researched by Fermi #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

101 Mendelevium Md, made by bombarding Es with He nuclei by team at @BerkeleyLab led by 🇺🇸Albert Ghiorso. Named after father of the periodic table 🇷🇺Dmitri Mendeleev, controversial in cold war climes. Original symbol Mv changed to Md #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

102 Nobelium No, disc. claims from Nobel Institute Sweden which gives its name to element, itself named after🇸🇪Alfred Nobel, @argonne
@HarwellCampus 1957 irradiating Cm with C atoms. Definitive evidence 1958 @BerkeleyLab Cm+C & Cf+B #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

103 Lawrencium Lr, named after 🇺🇸Ernest Lawrence inventor of the cyclotron, synthesized 1961 by bombarding Cf with B @BerkeleyLab, which Lawrence's name was later attached to, by Albert Ghiorso et al. first suggesting the symbol Lw #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

104 Rutherfordium Rf, synthesized 1964 @Joint_Institute bombarding Pu with Ne 1969 @BerkeleyLab bombarding Cf with C. Named by @BerkeleyLab group after 🇳🇿🇬🇧Ernest Rutherford discoverer of the atomic nucleus among many other things. #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

105 Dubnium Db, synthesized 1968 @Joint_Institute Am + Ne, naming Bohrium after Niels Bohr, 1970 @BerkeleyLab Cf + N, naming Hahnium after Otto Hahn 1994 @IUPAC chose name Dubnium after town of Dubna🇷🇺 home to the @Joint_Institute #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

106 Seaborgium Sg, synthesized 1974 @BerkeleyLab bombarding O into Cf and also @Joint_Institute bombarding Pb and Cr. Named after the @BerkeleyLab physicist 🇺🇸Glenn T. Seaborg pivotal in disc. many trans-U elements @Joint_Institute #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

107 Bohrium Bh, synthesized 1981 @GSI_en @GSI_de bombarded ²⁰⁹Bi with accelerated ⁵⁴Cr ions. Suggested name was Nielsbohrium symbol Ns after quantum pioneer 🇩🇰Niels Bohr current name chosen @IUPAC 1997 to match surnamed elements #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

108 Hassium, Hs, synthesized 1984 @GSI_en @GSI_de by bombarding Pd with accelerated Fe. Although @IUPAC suggested 1994 Hahnium after Otto Hahn original name was accepted, from the state of Germany Hesse/Hessia in which GSI is located #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

109 Meitnerium Mt, formed 1982 @GSI_de @GSI_en by bombarding Bi target with Fe. Name suggested by discoverers after 🇦🇹🇸🇪Lise Meitner, who disc. nuclear fission w. Otto Hahn. Meitner overlooked for Nobel prize, Hahn for element name #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

110 Darmstadtium Ds, another transuranium element first synthesized at @GSI_en @GSI_de 1994 by bombarding ²⁰⁸Pb w. ⁶²Ni. Named 2003
@IUPAC after city of Darmstadt where lab is located b/c similar naming of elements 105 and 108 #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

111 Roentgenium Rg, produce in 1994 independently at @GSI_en @GSI_de, @Joint_Institute, Univerzita Komenského & @jyscience. 2003 @IUPAC decided disc. lay with the GSI group who named element after 🇩🇪Wilhelm Roentgen disc. of X-Rays #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

112 Copernicium Cn, produced 1996 independently at @GSI_en @GSI_de, @Joint_Institute, Univerzita Komenského & @jyscience. @IUPAC decided GSI group naming after 🇵🇱Nicolas Copernicus father of the heliocentric model of the Universe #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

113 Nihonium Nh, synthesized 2003 by collaboration between @Joint_Institute and @Livermore_Lab and 2004 @riken_en who were the group granted naming rights. Element named after 🇯🇵Japan Nipponium. Only element named by Asian group #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

114 Flerovium Fl, prepared 1999 @GSI_en @GSI_de, @Joint_Institute, Univerzita Komenského, @unimessina, @riken_en & Flerov Laboratory @Joint_Institute last gave name to element, itself named after disc. of elements 🇷🇺Georgy Flyorov #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

115 Moscovium Mc, prepared 2003 by bombarding Am with Ca in a joint collaboration between @Joint_Institute, @ORNL, @Livermore_Lab and @VanderbiltU Named after the Moscow oblast (region) in which the @Joint_Institute lab is located #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

116 Livermorium Lv, named 2012 after @Livermore_Lab who collaborated with @Joint_Institute who with multiple experiments between 2000 and 2008 collected conclusive evidence to claim discovery of the element. #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

117 Tennessine Ts, named after state of Tennessee where @Livermore_Lab is located who collaborated with @Joint_Institute to produce the element, announcing its discovery in 2010. As of writing most recent element discovered. #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

118 Oganesson Og, discovery announced in 2002 @Joint_Institute named after 🇷🇺Yuri Oganessian who played a cruicial role in the doscovery of many of the heavy elements. Only second element to be named after a live person other was Sg #EotE #etymology #Chemistry #Science #Language

That's it for the Etymology of the Elements #EotE for now. There is much more about the discovery, use and politics of the elements in The Secret Life of the Periodic Table, 3rd edition out now! pprc.qmul.ac.uk/~still/wordpre…