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i mentioned soyo's decisive defeat of the portuguese army in my article on afro-european warfare and how it marked the end of portugal's ambitions in west-central africa for 200 yrs
what i did't mention was the ramification this small province's rise had on the rest of kongo
one of the effects was the unique position the soyo prince occupied in later kongo politics, the other was the shift of the capital from mbanza kongo to mbanza soyo among others

ICYMI

uncensoredopinion.co.za/on-afro-europe…
most of kogo's elite were literate and much of the 16th century history we know abt the kingdom comes from kongolese writers
later documents would then be lost after the civil war so they aren't included here

ICYMI on the history of writing in africa
uncensoredopinion.co.za/the-history-of…
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isaac Samuel
@rhaplord
the 19th cent. date is for inventory not manufacture

most of the akan jewellery in western museums was acquired after the war in 1874 when the british -after a series of losses a few decades earlier- had managed to defeat the asante and looted and ransacked the capital kumasi
as such the dates range from as far back as the 15th century to as recent as the late 19th century
those made after 1900s were accurately dated since it market the start of its colonial era
but the best range would be mid-18th to early 19th when the kingdom was at its height
The History of Loot and Stolen Art: from Antiquity until the Present Day
Ivan Lindsay
books.google.co.ug/books/about/Th…
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isaac Samuel
@rhaplord
akan jewellery, ghana

19th cent. gold rings
-one with an umbrella, stool and sword, the other with three umbrellas and two with animal motifs

-houston museum of fine arts

#randomxt
the asante were by then the only akan state on the gold coast controlling an empire covering
most of modern ghana and the ivory coast
such gold jewellery was made in the tributary state dagbon using the lost-wax method
the rings worn by both men and women, elites and commoners typically several at a time
akan gold-casting tradition originated from the "western sudan"
STUDIES IN AKAN GOLDWEIGHTS (1) THE ORIGIN OF THE GOLDWEIGHT SYSTEM
Timothy F. Garrard
jstor.org/stable/4140580…

Forests of Gold: Essays on the Akan and the Kingdom of Asante
Ivor Wilks
books.google.co.ug/books/about/Fo…
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isaac Samuel
@rhaplord
i think its rated because -aside from racist colonial anthropology- it was the only script truly independently invented in west-africa <the bamum script's is still ambiguous> but most of the world's commonly used scripts of the mediterranean aside from egyptian and sumerian 1/3
hieroglyphs were not independently invented either so it was simply holding african written history to a standard others weren't but the real handicap to the latter wasn't invention but innovation, african writing systems weren't dispersed and innovated <improved upon>
as those on the eurasian continent
the obstacle in compiling its written history is -counter intuitively- its diversity
this challenge carries on to agriculture, complex societies and metallurgy all of which have since been proven of their independent innovation on the continent
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